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Although it is well established that opioids or tobacco affect many physiological functions in humans, to our knowledge there has been no specific study looking at these effects in opium smokers. To assess that, we investigated the circulating levels of prolactin, TSH, LH, FSH and testosterone in male opium smokers who also smoke cigarettes (n =23, aged 28.4?4.1 years), and comparing this with the corresponding values for nicotine abusers (n =12, 15\u201325 cigarettes\/day) or a healthy control group (n =20) of the same age. Our results showed that 86.96% of the opium\u2010dependent and 41.67 % of the nicotine\u2010dependent group displayed high prolactin values (p)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500351263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,29]],"date-time":"2005-11-29T19:53:03Z","timestamp":1133293983000},"page":"345-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Enhanced prolactin levels in opium 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