{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T22:18:10Z","timestamp":1700173090052},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,9]],"date-time":"2006-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3812,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The plasma levels of 42 patients on a levomethadone maintenance treatment programme for intravenous heroin users were measured before and, respectively, 1, 2 or 4 hours after oral routine administration and related to the individual additional drug usage (detected by urine drug screening), liver function, side\u2010effects and withdrawal symptoms. In general, accelerated levomethadone metabolism induced by additional misuse of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and opiates resulted in significantly lower plasma levels of the substitute. In particular, high \u03b3\u2010glutamyltransferase activity was related to benzodiazepine consumption. On the other hand, an impaired liver function reflected by increased \u03b2\u2010globulins resulted in an insufficient body clearance and drug accumulation. Major side effects, such as sweating, were not related to plasma levels whereas withdrawal symptoms like diarrhoea or \u201cfeeling cold\u201d correlate with lower plasma concentrations. It is concluded that polydrug misuse in the methadone maintenance therapy creates a vicious circle of enzyme induction, thus increasing \u201cinstrumental drug utilization\u201d. However, underestimated maintenance dosage may lead to additional drug consumption resulting, finally, in therapeutic failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621961000124736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,28]],"date-time":"2003-08-28T22:43:47Z","timestamp":1062110627000},"page":"105-113","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions in an outpatient maintenance therapy of intravenous heroin users with levomethadone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"ULRICH","family":"SCHALL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ELLEN","family":"PRIES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TALEB","family":"KATTA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ACHIM","family":"KL\u00d6PPEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARKUS","family":"GASTPAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"315","article-title":"Drug abuse in the course of an outpatient substitution\u2010supported therapy with 1\u2010methadone","volume":"5","author":"Schall U.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sucht"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"Die Beschwerdenliste","author":"Zerssen D.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Die Depressivit\u00e4ts\u2010Skala","author":"Zerssen D.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"State\u2010Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Lauxmann L.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"1650","volume-title":"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Benet L. 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