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Subsequent literature continues to demonstrate that there are adverse effects on performance. However, the literature is often confusing and disparate. We will attempt to explain the effects and speculate on the possible mechanisms. We divide the review into acute and chronic metabolic and physiological effects of alcohol on exercise performance, primarily in humans. We also review the epidemiological evidence of the associations between alcohol use and problem alcohol behaviors in various athletic groups. Finally, we review the limited data on the effectiveness of exercise therapy in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients. In spite of scientific evidence that alcohol use is, in general, detrimental (or of no benefit) to sport (exercise) performance, alcohol continues to be used by athletes both on a chronic basis and even immediately prior to sports participation. There is some encouraging but limited evidence that student\u2010athlete alcohol use is decreasing and exercise can be effective as part of alcohol rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/13556219971353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T15:50:12Z","timestamp":1027698612000},"page":"373-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Alcohol usage in sport and exercise"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"MARGARET","family":"GUTGESELL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RANDOLPH","family":"CANTERBURY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Alcohol and sport","author":"Stainback RD","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","article-title":"Regents to tackle beer ban at CU","author":"Curtin D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Denver Post Online-News"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198206000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1985.46.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.2.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Influence of alcohol ingestion on tasks related to archery","volume":"14","author":"Reilly T","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Hum Ergol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199315020-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"195","article-title":"Influence of ethanol on splanchnic and skeletal muscle substrate turnover during prolonged exercise in man","volume":"233","author":"Juhlin\u2010Dannfelt AG","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"Influence of ethanol on non\u2010esterified fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in man","volume":"53","author":"Juhlin\u2010Dannfelt AG","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Soc Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.20.2.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"253","article-title":"Effects of the acute ingestion of small amounts of alcohol upon 5\u2010mile run times","volume":"27","author":"Houmard JA","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Sports Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01808.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02583998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1990.51.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00713503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Ergogenic aids in sport","author":"Herbert WG","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.4.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00964111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(81)90085-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02376775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.31.3.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"517","article-title":"Thermal and glycemic responses during mild exercise in +5 to \u201015 Celsius environments following alcohol ingestion","volume":"52","author":"Graham T","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","volume-title":"Effects of ethanol on thermoregulatory responses during cold air exposure in male and female subjects. 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