{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T02:35:20Z","timestamp":1696214120347},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]],"date-time":"2011-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1294963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":983,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic> Response\u2010contingent time\u2010out has been shown to be an effective technique for enhancing fluency in people who stutter. However, the factors that determine individual responsiveness to time\u2010out are not well understood.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Aims:<\/jats:italic> The study investigated the effectiveness of using response\u2010contingent time\u2010out to reduce stuttering frequency in adults who stutter. In addition, it investigated the predictive value of participants' stutter severity, age, previous treatment history, and type of stutter on the responsiveness to time\u2010out conditioning.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Methods &amp; Procedures:<\/jats:italic> Sixty people who stutter participated in the study. Half were exposed to time\u2010out following each moment of stuttering over a 40\u2010min period, the remaining participants acted as controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Outcomes &amp; Results:<\/jats:italic> Results showed that individuals who stutter are highly responsive to time\u2010out, and that the participants with a more severe stutter responded better than those with a mild stutter. To a lesser degree, previous treatment and speech rate also influenced treatment success. Age and type of stutter did not, although the proportion of repetition types of stutters increased over the experiment conditions, with prolongations and blocks decreasing, for the treatment group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic> This simple operant conditioning treatment method is effective in reducing stuttering. Individuals respond to time\u2010out regardless of their age, type of stutter, stuttering severity or treatment history, thus it is a treatment methodology potentially suitable for all clients. This study investigated initial responsiveness to time\u2010out; therefore, further research is necessary to determine the durability of fluency over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820701449893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,29]],"date-time":"2008-04-29T23:39:20Z","timestamp":1209512360000},"page":"283-299","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigating factors related to the effects of time\u2010out on stuttering in adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neville W.","family":"Hennessey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Beilby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(71)80066-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4204.895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682827109011538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"A Handbook on Stuttering","author":"Bloodstein O.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2006\/031)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4002.216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2402.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/asl2.1995.23.issue-1.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2005\/026)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1958.1-173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Research in Behavior Modification","author":"Goldiamond I.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to its Nature and Treatment","author":"Guitar B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1103.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136132801805576716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Stuttering and Behavior Therapy","author":"Ingham R. 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