{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:36:50Z","timestamp":1773790610998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]],"date-time":"2011-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1294272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":975,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic>Because communication after the onset of aphasia can be fraught with errors, therapist corrections are pervasive in therapy for aphasia. Although corrections are designed to improve the accuracy of communication, some corrections can have social and emotional consequences during interactions. That is, exposure of errors can potentially silence the \u2018voice\u2019 of a speaker by orienting to an utterance as unacceptable. Although corrections can marginalize speakers with aphasia, the practice has not been widely investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Aims:<\/jats:italic>A qualitative study of corrections during aphasia therapy was undertaken to describe corrections in therapy, identify patterns of occurrence, and develop hypotheses regarding the potential effects of corrections.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Methods &amp; Procedures:<\/jats:italic>Videotapes of six individual and five group aphasia therapy sessions were analysed. Sequences consistent with a definition of a therapist \u2018correction\u2019 were identified. Corrections were defined as instances when the therapist offered a \u2018fix\u2019 for a perceived error in the client's talk even though the intent was apparent.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Outcomes &amp; Results:<\/jats:italic>Two categories of correction were identified and were consistent with Jefferson's (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b10\">1987<\/jats:ext-link>) descriptions of exposed and embedded corrections. Exposed corrections involved explicit correcting by the therapist, while embedded corrections occurred implicitly within the ongoing talk. Patterns of occurrence appeared consistent with philosophical orientations of therapy sessions. Exposed corrections were more prevalent in sessions focusing on repairing deficits, while embedded corrections were prevalent in sessions focusing on natural communication events (e.g. conversation). In addition, exposed corrections were sometimes used when client offerings were plausible or appropriate, but were inconsistent with therapist expectations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>The observation that some instances of exposed corrections effectively silenced the voice or self\u2010expression of the person with aphasia has significant implications for outcomes from aphasia therapy. By focusing on accurate productions versus communicative intents, therapy runs the risk of reducing self\u2010esteem and communicative confidence, as well as reinforcing a sense of \u2018helplessness\u2019 and disempowerment among people with aphasia. The results suggest that clinicians should carefully calibrate the use of exposed and embedded corrections to balance linguistic and psychosocial goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820701697889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,23]],"date-time":"2008-04-23T20:57:42Z","timestamp":1208984262000},"page":"5-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Exposed and embedded corrections in aphasia therapy: issues of voice and identity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Simmons\u2010Mackie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack S.","family":"Damico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.2803.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14417040109003707"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039408248647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1368282042000226879"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200010011180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Forms of Talk","author":"Goffman I.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1874-5644(03)80004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"HortonS.A study of therapy for language impairment in aphasia: description and analysis of sessions in day\u2010to\u2010day practice.2003 Unpublished doctoral dissertation City University London"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/136828200410627","article-title":"Examining interactions in language therapy","volume":"35","author":"Horton S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.21832\/9781800418226-006","volume-title":"Talk and Social Organization","author":"Jefferson G.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Conversation as an Achievement in Aphasics","author":"Klippi A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195129533.003.0007","volume-title":"Conversation and Brain Damage","author":"Laakso M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026870399402136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026870399402118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820109177853"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1044\/leader.FTR.05032000.4","article-title":"Life participation approach to aphasia: looking to the future","volume":"5","author":"LPAA Project Group (Chapey, R., Duchan, J. 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