{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T23:38:27Z","timestamp":1778715507105,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Spatial Cognition &amp; Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2016.1143474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]],"date-time":"2016-01-20T21:05:34Z","timestamp":1453323934000},"page":"192-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Time will not help unskilled observers to understand a cluttered spatial scene"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Thora","family":"Tenbrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hertzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Gondorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"cit0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(96)90026-4"},{"key":"cit0002","unstructured":"Anderson, J. (1980). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman."},{"key":"cit0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.17.4.575"},{"key":"cit0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201"},{"key":"cit0005","volume-title":"lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using eigen and s4","author":"Bates D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"cit0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beun, R. J. & Cremers, A. (2001). Multimodal reference to objects. In H. C.\u00a0Bunt & R. J.\u00a0Beun (Eds.), Cooperative multimodal communication (pp. 64\u201386). Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45520-5_5"},{"key":"cit0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.03.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"cit0008","first-page":"203","volume":"15","author":"Buhl H. M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sprache und Kognition"},{"key":"cit0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-007-0199-2"},{"key":"cit0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199554201.003.0007"},{"key":"cit0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.811794"},{"key":"cit0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2012.05.007"},{"key":"cit0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(87)80020-8"},{"key":"cit0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638538309544561"},{"key":"cit0015","unstructured":"Ekstrom, R., French, J., Harman, H. & Dermen, D. (1976). Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service."},{"key":"cit0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7375930"},{"key":"cit0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.6.1.13"},{"key":"cit0018","unstructured":"Gander, P. (2004). Spatial mental representations in interactive fiction \u2013 what is particular about the interactive text? In S.\u00a0Porhiel & D.\u00a0Klingler (Eds.), L'unite texte (pp. 96\u2013124). Pleyben, France: Perspectives."},{"key":"cit0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4103_2"},{"key":"cit0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01662-4"},{"key":"cit0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/prag.5.3.04gre"},{"key":"cit0022","unstructured":"Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P.\u00a0Cole & J.\u00a0Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 64\u201375). New York, NY: Academic Press."},{"key":"cit0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2013.763723"},{"key":"cit0024","unstructured":"Hegarty, M., Keehner, M., Cohen, C. A., Montello, D. R. & Lippa, Y. (2007). The role of spatial cognition in medicine: Applications for selecting and training professionals. In G. L.\u00a0Allen (Ed.), Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology (pp. 285\u2013315). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"cit0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2005.09.005"},{"key":"cit0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00120-7"},{"key":"cit0027","unstructured":"Herrmann, T. & Grabowski, J. (1994). Sprechen. Psychologie der Sprachproduktion. Heidelberg: Spektrum der Psychologie."},{"key":"cit0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980140"},{"key":"cit0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2005.08.003"},{"key":"cit0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48238-5_12"},{"key":"cit0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-006-0075-1"},{"key":"cit0032","unstructured":"Krippendorf, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"cit0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7668-0_7"},{"key":"cit0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/412701"},{"key":"cit0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45004-1_11"},{"key":"cit0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674421288"},{"key":"cit0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57207-4_21"},{"key":"cit0038","unstructured":"Montello, D. R. (1998). A new framework for understanding the acquisition of spatial knowledge in large-scale environments. In M. J.\u00a0Egenhofer & R. G.\u00a0Golledge (Eds.), Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems (pp. 143\u2013154). New York, NY: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"cit0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0004-5608.00160"},{"key":"cit0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1995.1022"},{"key":"cit0041","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software manual]. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.R-project.org (ISBN 3-900051-07-0)."},{"key":"cit0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209346"},{"key":"cit0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539509544939"},{"key":"cit0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638538409544591"},{"key":"cit0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.13.4.615"},{"key":"cit0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(08)60007-5"},{"key":"cit0047","unstructured":"Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: communication and cognition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell."},{"key":"cit0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9325-6_11"},{"key":"cit0049","unstructured":"Talmy, L. (2000). Towards a cognitive semantics. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Book MIT Press."},{"key":"cit0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211414"},{"key":"cit0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(92)90014-O"},{"key":"cit0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2010.06.020"},{"key":"cit0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/langcog.2014.19"},{"key":"cit0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2010.549452"},{"key":"cit0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenbrink, T. & Schilder, F. (2003). (Non)temporal concepts conveyed by before, after, and then in dialogue. In P.\u00a0Kuehnlein, H.\u00a0Rieser, & H.\u00a0Zeevat (Eds.), Perspectives on dialogue in the new millennium (pp. 353\u2013380). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.114.20ten"},{"key":"cit0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90019-6"},{"key":"cit0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13875860802427775"},{"issue":"9","key":"cit0058","first-page":"58","volume":"33","author":"Ullmer-Ehrich V.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik"},{"key":"cit0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028446"},{"key":"cit0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1978.47.2.599"},{"key":"cit0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-011-0411-2"},{"key":"cit0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199554201.003.0004"},{"key":"cit0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194024"},{"key":"cit0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193535"},{"key":"cit0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.001"}],"container-title":["Spatial Cognition &amp; Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/13875868.2016.1143474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T04:08:58Z","timestamp":1498277338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13875868.2016.1143474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/13875868.2016.1143474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13875868.2016.1143474","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-5868","1542-7633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-5868","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-7633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hscc20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hscc20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"}]}}