{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T23:53:06Z","timestamp":1773186786830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Spatial Cognition & Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2020.1817925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T04:14:01Z","timestamp":1600056841000},"page":"328-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Desktop versus immersive virtual environments: effects on spatial learning"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8533-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Tesalee","family":"Sensibaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA"}]},{"given":"Bobby","family":"Bodenheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Nazareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Spatial Intelligence and Learning Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7044-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Newcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Minear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Klippel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"cit0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2011.601689"},{"key":"cit0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti1040024"},{"key":"cit0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1997.583043"},{"key":"cit0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2967934.2968105"},{"key":"cit0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117"},{"key":"cit0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2993369.2996327"},{"key":"cit0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000263"},{"key":"cit0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02351"},{"key":"cit0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01766"},{"key":"cit0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032382"},{"key":"cit0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000082"},{"key":"cit0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201230"},{"key":"cit0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3225153.3225175"},{"key":"cit0014","unstructured":"Costello, P. J. (1997). Health and safety issues associated with virtual reality - A review of current literature (Advisory Group on Computer Graphics)."},{"key":"cit0015","volume-title":"Alien: Isolation [Oculus]","author":"Creative Assembly","year":"2014"},{"key":"cit0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167311"},{"key":"cit0017","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using R","author":"Field A. P.","year":"2012"},{"key":"cit0018","volume-title":"eLearning and Software for Education (eLSE)","author":"Freina L.","year":"2015"},{"key":"cit0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.4.468"},{"key":"cit0020","author":"Friedrich S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv E-prints, arXiv:1801.08002"},{"key":"cit0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3102071.3102082"},{"key":"cit0022","volume-title":"The organization of learning","author":"Gallistel C. R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"cit0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143807"},{"key":"cit0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0556-x"},{"key":"cit0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(01)00013-1"},{"key":"cit0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189275"},{"key":"cit0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2628257.2628275"},{"key":"cit0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-019-01373-w"},{"key":"cit0029","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Image and environment: Cognitive Mapping and spatial behavior","author":"Hart R. A.","year":"1973"},{"key":"cit0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1307-7"},{"key":"cit0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14749-4_10"},{"key":"cit0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015566423907"},{"key":"cit0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000346"},{"key":"cit0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446130"},{"key":"cit0035","volume-title":"The VR book: Human-centered design for virtual reality","author":"Jerald J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"cit0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2005.08.013"},{"key":"cit0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-69342-4_1"},{"key":"cit0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klippel, A., Zhao, J., Oprean, D., Wallgr\u00fcn, J. O., Stubbs, C., La Femina, P. & Jackson, K. L. (2019). The value of being there: Toward a science of immersive virtual field trips. Virtual Reality, 1(4), 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00418-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00418-5"},{"key":"cit0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0346-3"},{"key":"cit0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-015-9401-x"},{"key":"cit0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-015-9380-y"},{"key":"cit0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234253.3234291"},{"key":"cit0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/languages4010013"},{"key":"cit0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0334-1"},{"key":"cit0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2533810.2533811"},{"key":"cit0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2512142.2512146"},{"key":"cit0047","volume-title":"Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning","author":"Makransky G.","year":"2017"},{"key":"cit0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2804408.2804416"},{"key":"cit0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DVis.2014.7160093"},{"key":"cit0050","unstructured":"Mestre, D. R. (2005). Immersion and Presence. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ism.univmed.fr\/mestre\/projects\/virtual%20reality\/Pres_2005.pdf"},{"key":"cit0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878022.1878038"},{"key":"cit0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811405196"},{"key":"cit0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000032"},{"key":"cit0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.04.021"},{"key":"cit0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/3.11.17"},{"key":"cit0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446383"},{"key":"cit0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1381191"},{"key":"cit0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213420"},{"key":"cit0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343036.3343131"},{"key":"cit0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH.2017.7939283"},{"key":"cit0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2017.7893343"},{"key":"cit0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00016"},{"key":"cit0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.163"},{"key":"cit0064","unstructured":"Razzaque, S., Kohn, Z. & Whitton, M. C. (2001). Redirected walking. \u00a0In\u00a0Proceedings of eurographics\u00a0(pp. 289\u2013294). Manchester, UK: Eurographics Association."},{"key":"cit0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9"},{"key":"cit0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211566"},{"key":"cit0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14749-4_21"},{"key":"cit0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2018.02.004"},{"key":"cit0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2000.0402"},{"key":"cit0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.6.637"},{"key":"cit0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01728.x"},{"key":"cit0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.3.2.143"},{"key":"cit0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566143"},{"key":"cit0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2003.10.001"},{"key":"cit0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1970378.1970384"},{"key":"cit0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-010-0054-z"},{"key":"cit0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10528"},{"key":"cit0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-008-0223-2"},{"key":"cit0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22111"},{"key":"cit0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.005"},{"key":"cit0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.05.013"},{"key":"cit0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(08)60007-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"cit0083","volume":"3","author":"Slater M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence Connect"},{"key":"cit0084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603"},{"key":"cit0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.09.008"},{"key":"cit0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4"},{"key":"cit0087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022193728205"},{"key":"cit0088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412961288.n44"},{"key":"cit0089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566512"},{"key":"cit0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.36"},{"key":"cit0091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206476"},{"key":"cit0092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196563"},{"key":"cit0093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000200"},{"key":"cit0094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035261"},{"key":"cit0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446620"},{"key":"cit0096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.17.1.91"},{"key":"cit0097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195834"},{"key":"cit0098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000324"}],"container-title":["Spatial Cognition & Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/13875868.2020.1817925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1620387729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13875868.2020.1817925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/13875868.2020.1817925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13875868.2020.1817925","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-5868","1542-7633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-5868","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-7633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hscc20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hscc20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2019-12-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-24","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}