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Specifically, in cross\u2010linguistic developmental studies that follow , we examine the question of whether language influences our thought in different forms, like (1) whether the language\u2010specific construal of entities found in a word extension context () is also found in a nonlinguistic classification context; (2) whether the presence of labels<jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>, independent of the count\u2010mass syntax, fosters ontology\u2010based classification; (3) in what way, if at all, the count\u2010mass syntax that accompanies a label changes English speakers' default construal of a given entity?<\/jats:p><jats:p>On the basis of the results, we argue that the ontological distinction concerning individuation is universally shared and functions as a constraint on early learning of words. At the same time, language influences one's construal of entities cross\u2010lingistically and developmentally, and causes a temporary change of construal within a single language. We provide a detailed discussion of how each of these three ways language may affect the construal of entities, and discuss how our universally possessed knowledge interacts with language both within a single language and in cross\u2010linguistic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/15326900701326436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,18]],"date-time":"2010-10-18T19:13:49Z","timestamp":1287429229000},"page":"385-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Language\u2010Relative Construal of Individuation Constrained by Universal Ontology: Revisiting Language Universals and Linguistic Relativity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Imai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Mazuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198238867.001.0001","volume-title":"Classifiers: A typology of noun categorization devices","author":"Aikhenvald A. 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