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It is a natural assumption that modularity offers some form of computational advantage, and hence evolution by natural selection has translated those advantages into the kind of modular neural structures familiar to cognitive scientists. However, simulations of the evolution of simplified neural systems have shown that, in many cases, it is actually <jats:italic>non<\/jats:italic>\u2010modular architectures that are most efficient. In this paper, the relevant issues are discussed and a series of simulations are presented that reveal crucial dependencies on the details of the learning algorithms and tasks that are being modelled, and the importance of taking into account known physical brain constraints, such as the degree of neural connectivity. A pattern is established which provides one explanation of why modularity should emerge reliably across a range of neural processing tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/15326900701399939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,18]],"date-time":"2010-10-18T19:10:11Z","timestamp":1287429011000},"page":"673-695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Understanding the Emergence of Modularity in Neural Systems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Bullinaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.363444"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/276408"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00021555"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Adaptive individuals in evolving populations","author":"Belew R. 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