{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:54:06Z","timestamp":1789203246148,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi\u2010system disease characterized by skin \n            fibrosis and visceral disease. Therapy is organ and pathogenesis targeted. In \n            this review, we describe novel strategies in the treatment of SSc. Utilizing the \n            MEDLINE and the COCHRANE REGISTRY, we identified open trials, controlled \n            trials, for treatment of SSc from 1999 to April 2005. We used the terms scleroderma, \n            systemic sclerosis, Raynaud\u2032s phenomenon, pulmonary hypertension, \n            methotrexate, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, relaxin, low\u2010dose penicillamine, IVIg, \n            calcium channel blockers, losartan, prazocin, iloprost, N\u2010acetylcysteine, bosentan, \n            cyclophosphamide, lung transplantation, ACE inhibitors, \n            anti\u2010thymocyte globulin, and stem cell transplantation. Anecdotal reports were \n            omitted.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methotrexate, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, relaxin, low\u2010dose penicillamine, \n            and IVIg may be beneficial in improving the skin tightness in SSc. Calcium \n            channel blockers, the angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist losartan, \n            prazocin, the prostacyclin analogue iloprost, N\u2010acetylcysteine and the dual \n            endothelin\u2010receptor antagonist bosentan may be beneficial for Raynaud\u2032s \n            phenomenon. Epoprostenol and bosentan are approved for therapy of \n            pulmonary hypertension (PAH). Other options under investigation include \n            intravenous or aerolized iloprost. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) pulse therapy \n            is effective in suppressing active alveolitis. Stem cell and lung transplantation \n            is a viable option for carefully selected patients. Renal crisis can be effectively \n            managed when hypertension is aggressively controlled with angiotensin converting \n            enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Patients should continue taking ACE inhibitors even after \n            beginning dialysis in hope of discontinuing dialysis. Anti\u2010thymocyte globulin and \n            mycophenolate mofetil appear safe in SSc. The improvement in skin score and \n            the apparent stability of systemic disease during the treatment period suggest \n            that controlled studies of these agents are justified. Stem cell transplantation is \n            under investigation for severe disease. Novel therapies are currently being tested \n            in the treatment of SSc and have the potential of modifying the disease process \n            and overall \n            clinical outcome. The evaluation of these studies is still a difficult process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17402520500233437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,23]],"date-time":"2005-09-23T18:49:20Z","timestamp":1127501360000},"page":"165-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["New Therapeutic Strategies for Systemic Sclerosis\u2014a Critical Analysis of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gisele","family":"Zandman-Goddard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurit","family":"Tweezer-Zaks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Shoenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2005\/359851.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17402520500233437","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T11:29:13Z","timestamp":1723116553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1080\/17402520500233437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17402520500233437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17402520500233437","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-8861","2314-7156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-8861","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-7156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}