{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:54:48Z","timestamp":1787496888689,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2025.2521045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T11:31:41Z","timestamp":1750073501000},"page":"949-959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the drug interactions in kratom usage: clinical application"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Leena R.","family":"Dhoble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]},{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8695-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"McCurdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]},{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]},{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhisheak","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]},{"name":"University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.03.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_4_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): medicinal marvel or menace? Assessing potency, risk, and future prospect of herbal medicine","volume":"13","author":"Ni\u2019ma NS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ni\u2019ma NS. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): medicinal marvel or menace? Assessing potency, risk, and future prospect of herbal medicine. Indones J Chem Sci. 2024;13(1):31\u201342.","journal-title":"Indones J Chem Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4813-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.801855"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks073"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0588-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1795-5876"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2604"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-009-0070-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.122.001525"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176863"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b00360"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01465"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00748"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06734-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959578"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3906"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12639"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.16.654392"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16728"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse [Internet]. Anonymous. 2022 [cited 2024 Jul 24]. Available from: https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/Kratom"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20210252"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_8_31_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Kratom and the opioid crisis","volume":"15","author":"Bestha D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bestha D. Kratom and the opioid crisis. ICNS. 2018;15(5\u20136):11.","journal-title":"ICNS"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.20r02770"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00152"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_1","unstructured":"Poisons act 1952 and regulations. Ministry of health Malaysia. Available from: https:\/\/pharmacy.moh.gov.my\/en\/documents\/poisons-act-1952-and-regulations.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_1","unstructured":"Drug misuse and trafficking act 1985 NSW government. Available from: https:\/\/legislation.nsw.gov.au\/view\/whole\/html\/inforce\/current\/act-1985-226"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_1","unstructured":"Psychoactive substances act 2016 government of UK. Available from: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2016\/2\/contents"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_1","unstructured":"Import alert 54\u201315 U. S. Food and drug administration. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/CMS_IA\/importalert_1137.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_1","unstructured":"Thailand\u2019s updated guidelines on kratom in food and herbal products. Available from: https:\/\/www.austchamthailand.com\/thailands-updated-guidelines-on-kratom-in-food-and-herbal-products"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_39_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in a sample of polysubstance users: patterns of use and perspectives toward kratom","volume":"53","author":"Obeng SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obeng SK, Reeves ME, Restrepo LF, et al. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in a sample of polysubstance users: patterns of use and perspectives toward kratom. J Psychoact Drugs. 2021;53(1):34\u201343.","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00596.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.03.018"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_42_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro cytochrome p450 inhibition and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction potential of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) alkaloids and potential implications for drug-drug interactions","volume":"8","author":"Manda VA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manda VA, Ali Z, Khan IA, et al. Evaluation of in vitro cytochrome p450 inhibition and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction potential of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) alkaloids and potential implications for drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Lett. 2014;8(2):133\u2013139.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030620"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29050984"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-01605-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy093"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.120.000270"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110715"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1811055"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.4.242"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030318"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2891"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76119-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2014.967866"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00335"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_1","unstructured":"FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database [Internet]. [Internet] https:\/\/fis.fda.gov\/sense\/app\/95239e26-e0be-42d9-a960-9a5f7f1c25ee\/sheet\/45beeb74-30ab-46be-8267-5756582633b4\/state\/analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01273"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1332999"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Polypharmacology of Mitragyna speciosa (\u201ckratom\u201d) alkaloids","author":"Chen Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y. Polypharmacology of Mitragyna speciosa (\u201ckratom\u201d) alkaloids. Atlanta, GA: Mercer University; 2023. p. 1\u201393."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/S133"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_1","unstructured":"Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine into schedule I. Fed Regist. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/08\/31\/2016-20803\/schedules-of-controlled-substances-temporary-placement-of-mitragynine-and-7-hydroxymitragynine-into#:~:text=The%20Administrator%20of%20the%20Drug%20Enforcement%20Administration%20is temporary%20scheduling%20provisions%20of%20the%20Controlled%20Substances%20Act"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fpc.0000230112.96086.e0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101951"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.32.5.512"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14936"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.726003"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2025.2588054","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000}}],"container-title":["Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17425255.2025.2521045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T03:55:43Z","timestamp":1762833343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17425255.2025.2521045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17425255.2025.2521045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17425255.2025.2521045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-5255","1744-7607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-5255","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=iemt20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=iemt20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2024-11-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}