{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:33:42Z","timestamp":1790998422396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]],"date-time":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The continuous execution of swimming techniques may cause muscle imbalances in shoulder rotators leading to injury. However, there is a lack of published research studies on this topic. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of a competitive swim period on the shoulder rotator\u2013cuff balance in young swimmers. A randomized controlled pretest\u2013posttest design was used, with two measurements performed during the first macrocycle of the swimming season (baseline and 16 weeks). Twenty\u2010seven young male swimmers (experimental group) and 22\u00a0male students who were not involved in swim training (control group) with the same characteristics were evaluated. Peak torque of shoulder internal and external rotators was assessed. Concentric action at 1.04\u00a0rad s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (3 repetitions) and 3.14\u00a0rad s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (20 repetitions) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3). External\/internal rotators strength ratios were also obtained. For both protocols, there were significant training effects on internal rotator strength and external\/internal rotator ratios (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264. 05). This trend was the same for both shoulders. Within\u2010group analysis showed significant changes from baseline to 16 weeks for internal rotators strength and unilateral ratios of the experimental group. Swimmers' internal rotator strength levels increased significantly. In contrast, a significant decrease of the unilateral ratios was observed. Findings suggest that a competitive swim macrocycle leads to an increase in muscular imbalances in the shoulder rotators of young competitive swimmers. Swimming coaches should consider implementing a compensatory strength\u2010training program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.908957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]],"date-time":"2014-04-23T08:11:31Z","timestamp":1398240691000},"page":"167-172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Does a water\u2010training macrocycle really create imbalances in swimmers' shoulder rotator muscles?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Batalha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development Department of Sport and Health University of \u00c9vora \u00c9vora Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Marmeleira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development Department of Sport and Health University of \u00c9vora \u00c9vora Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development University of Tr\u00e1s\u2010os\u2010Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development University of Tr\u00e1s\u2010os\u2010Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"Shoulder rotator isokinetic strength profile in young swimmers","volume":"14","author":"Batalha N.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1992.16.6.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2004.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509360404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-2007-0285"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"The application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex","volume":"35","author":"Ellenbecker T. 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