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Moreover, this approach can also help physicians to suspect AAS abuse when treating athletes. Laboratory markers highly indicative of AAS abuse in athletes include the considerable downregulation of high density lipoprotein\u2010cholesterol, elevation of haematocrit or serum \u03b3\u2010glutamyl transpeptidase levels and for males reduced serum levels of both luteinizing hormone and follicle\u2010stimulating hormone. Moreover, physical signs suggestive of current AAS abuse are hypertension, apparent changes in behaviour making the athlete more irritable and aggressive and the sudden appearance of acne vulgaris in an adult athlete with no recent history of acne, while testicular atrophy and gynecomastia raise suspicion of current or past AAS abuse in male athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1587522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T10:59:53Z","timestamp":1552906793000},"page":"1276-1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Indirect clinical markers for the detection of anabolic steroid abuse beyond the conventional doping control in athletes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Georgios A.","family":"Christou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sports Medicine Sports Medicine Division Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Christou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Medical School University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovro","family":"\u017diberna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Slovenian Anti\u2010Doping Organization (SLOADO) Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos A.","family":"Christou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sports Medicine Sports Medicine Division Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.19.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c07b74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2004.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(87)90130-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79088-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80246-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-017-0470-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"A controlled trial of recombinant human erythropoietin and nandrolone decanoate in the treatment of anemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Berns J. 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