{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:31:00Z","timestamp":1790793060603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scarce research has examined the links between stress, anxiety, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during competition, despite that they are positively correlated in the general population. A total of 186 endurance athletes completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)\u201014, Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI)\u20103, and State\u2010Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) before races. Afterwards, they reported the severity of in\u2010race GI symptoms. Associations between high levels of stress and anxiety (defined as the top tertile) and GI distress (\u22653 on a 0\u201310 scale) were examined using logistic regression. Athletes with high PSS\u201014 scores did not have greater odds of GI symptoms, except nausea (odds ratio [OR] = 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02\u20134.78). High scores on the STICSA\u2010trait were associated with nausea (OR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.57\u20137.50) and regurgitation\/reflux (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.26\u20138.73). Among a sub\u2010sample of 125 participants that completed STICSA\u2010state questionnaires, higher anxiety was associated with nausea (OR = 5.57, 95% CI 1.96\u201315.83), regurgitation\/reflux (OR = 3.75, 95% CI 1.17\u201312.00), fullness (OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.05\u20138.49), and cramping (OR = 3.99, 95% CI 1.36\u201311.68). The ORs remained relatively stable after adjusting for age, gender, experience, body mass index, type of race, and race duration. ASI\u20103 scores were not associated with symptoms. Individuals with higher levels of anxiety, especially on the morning of a race, may be prone GI distress, particularly nausea, regurgitation\/reflux, and cramping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1746836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1584970126000},"page":"421-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Anxiety may be a risk factor for experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms during endurance races: An observational study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8112-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Exercise Science Gustavus Adolphus College St. Peter USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572\u20100241.2001.03804.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.3.4.342"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01285.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008\u20101339"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Perceived stress and gastrointestinal symptoms in nursing students in Korea: A cross\u2010sectional survey","volume":"10","author":"Lee E. 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