{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:11:55Z","timestamp":1790784715842,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breath\u2010hold divers are known to develop cardiac autonomic changes and brady\u2010arrthymias during prolonged breath\u2010holding (BH). The effects of BH\u2010induced hypoxemia were investigated upon both cardiac autonomic status and arrhythmogenesis by comparing breath\u2010hold divers (BHDs) to non\u2010divers (NDs). Eighteen participants (9 BHDs, 9\u00a0NDs) performed a maximal voluntary BH with face immersion. BHDs were asked to perform an additional BH at water surface to increase the degree of hypoxemia. Beat\u2010to\u2010beat changes in heart rate (HR), short\u2010term fractal scaling exponent (DFA\u03b11), the number of arrhythmic events [premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), premature atrial contractions (PACs)] and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were recorded during and immediately following BH. The corrected QT\u2010intervals (QTc) were analyzed pre\u2010 and post\u2010acute BH. A regression\u2010based model was used to split BH into a normoxic (NX) and a hypoxemic phase (HX). During the HX phase of BH, BHDs showed a progressive decrease in DFA\u03b11 during BH with face immersion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and BH with whole\u2010body immersion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) whereas NDs did not (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). In addition, BHDs had more arrhythmic events during the HX of BH with whole\u2010body immersion when compared to the corresponding NX phase (5.9 \u00b1 6.7 vs 0.4 \u00b1 1.3; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05; respectively). The number of PVCs was negatively correlated with SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during BH with whole\u2010body immersion (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.72; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The hypoxemic stage of voluntary BH is concomitant with significant cardiac autonomic changes toward a synergistic sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Co\u2010activation led ultimately to increased bradycardic response and cardiac electrophysiological disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1749313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T05:12:36Z","timestamp":1585545156000},"page":"439-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Autonomic regulation of the heart and arrhythmogenesis in trained breath\u2010hold divers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Costalat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences APERE laboratory, EA 3300 University of Picardie Jules Verne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedicte","family":"Godin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department CHU Charles Nicolle Rouen France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce N.","family":"Balmain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Sainte Justine \u2010 Brain and Child Development University of Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Brotherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Billaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de kin\u00e9siologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Universit\u00e9 Laval Qu\u00e9bec 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