{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:25:43Z","timestamp":1790623543746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005738","name":"Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A low\u2010frequency to a high\u2010frequency component ratio (LF\/HF) in heart rate variability (HRV) may not accurately reflect sympathetic nervous activity during exercise. Thus, a valid HRV\u2010based index of sympathetic nervous activity is needed. Therefore, the heart rate to LF ratio (Heart rate\/LF) was evaluated as sympathetic nervous activity index which is reflected by catecholamine levels during incremental exercise. In this study, 15 healthy adults performed an incremental exercise test using a cycle ergometer. HRV was derived from electrocardiography and HRV components related to the autonomic nervous system were obtained using frequency analysis. Heart rate\/LF was calculated using the heart rate and LF component produced by HRV analysis. Catecholamine, blood lactate levels and respiratory gas were also measured throughout the exercise test. While LF\/HF did not increase with increasing exercise intensity, Heart rate\/LF non\u2010linearly increased during the incremental exercise test, as did noradrenaline and blood lactate. Interestingly, Heart rate\/LF values were positively correlated with noradrenaline (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.788,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) and blood lactate (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.802,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) levels and carbon dioxide production (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.903,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) from at rest through the exercise stages. Heart rate\/LF reflects sympathetic nervous activity and metabolic responses during incremental cycling exercise and has potential as an HRV index of sympathetic nervous activity during exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    UMIN Japan identifier: UMIN000039639.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1994652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T07:48:09Z","timestamp":1635407289000},"page":"1714-1723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The ratio of heart rate to heart rate variability reflects sympathetic activity during incremental cycling exercise"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4009-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiya","family":"Tanoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sports and Health Science Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Center for Preventive, Anti\u2010aging, and Regenerative Medicine Fukuoka University Hospital Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihoko","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Health Science Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuro","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Fukuoka University Hospital Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoma","family":"Michishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Health Science Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuki","family":"Higaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Health Science Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinari","family":"Uehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Center for Preventive, Anti\u2010aging, and Regenerative Medicine Fukuoka University Hospital Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Health Science Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735\u20101097(94)90874\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1989.256.1.H132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2095011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Berntson G. 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