{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:30:58Z","timestamp":1790793058588,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of individualised sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) supplementation according to a pre\u2010established individual time\u2010to\u2010peak (TTP) blood bicarbonate (HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) on 4\u2010km cycling time trial (TT) performance in the heat. Eleven recreationally trained male cyclists (age: 28 \u00b1 6 years, height: 180 \u00b1 6\u2005cm, body mass: 80.5 \u00b1 8.4\u2005kg) volunteered for this study in a randomised, crossover, triple\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled design. An initial visit was conducted to determine TTP HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> following 0.2\u2005g.kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass (BM) NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> ingestion. Subsequently, on three separate occasions, participants completed a 4\u2010km cycling TT in the heat (30 degrees centigrade; \u00b0C) (relative humidity \u223c40%) following ingestion of either NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (0.2\u2005g.kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body mass), a sodium chloride placebo (0.2\u2005g.kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> BM; PLA) at the predetermined individual TTP HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, or no supplementation (control; CON). Absolute peak [HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>] prior to the 4\u2010km cycling TT's was elevated for NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> compared to PLA (+2.8\u2005mmol.l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002; <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> = 2.2) and CON (+2.5\u2005mmol.l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001; <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> = 2.1). Completion time following NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was 5.6 \u00b1 3.2\u2005s faster than PLA (1.6%; CI: 2.8, 8.3; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001; <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> = 0.2) and 4.7 \u00b1 2.8\u2005s faster than CON (1.3%; CI: 2.3, 7.1; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001; <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> = 0.2). These results demonstrate that NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> ingestion at a pre\u2010established individual TTP HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> improves 4\u2010km cycling TT performance in the heat, likely through enhancing buffering capacity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Highlights<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This is the first time NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> ingestion has been shown to improve 4\u2010km cycling TT performance in conditions of high ambient heat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A smaller dose of NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (0.2\u2005g.kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> BM) is ergogenic in the heat, which is smaller than the dose typically ingested for sports performance (0.3\u2005g.kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> BM). This is important, as gastrointestinal discomfort is typically lower as the dose reduces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study suggests that the individualised time\u2010to\u2010peak HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> ingestion strategy with lower doses of NaHCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> is an ergogenic strategy in conditions of high ambient heat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1998644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T10:03:21Z","timestamp":1635329001000},"page":"1856-1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation at individual time\u2010to\u2010peak blood bicarbonate on 4\u2010km cycling time trial performance in the heat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis A.","family":"Gough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance and Health Research Group Centre for Life and Sport Sciences Research Centre Birmingham City University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance and Health Research Group Centre for Life and Sport Sciences Research Centre Birmingham City University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh W.","family":"Newbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance and Health Research Group Centre for Life and Sport Sciences Research Centre Birmingham City University Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Gurton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Canterbury Christ Church University Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000126392.20025.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11591440-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2019.1597676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3574-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200041039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.6.2827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00999931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01200.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6522.746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3975-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1568173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0699-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1410875"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-1120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of warm\u2010up and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on 4\u2010km cycling time\u2010trial performance","volume":"1","author":"Gurton W. 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