{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:47:32Z","timestamp":1780332452461,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sprint start performance is measured as the horizontal external power, the time\u2010average rate of horizontal kinetic energy generation. Although joint powers have been examined, not all segment rotations on which positive powers are exerted necessarily contribute to forward propulsion; details regarding horizontal power remain unclear. Here we show the contributions of segment rotations to the forward and upward propulsion. We calculated the joint power exerted on each segment and the contributions from segment rotations to the normalised average horizontal and vertical external powers (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0002\"\/> and <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0004\"\/>) during the sprint start by 12\u00a0male sprinters. Over half <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0006\"\/> (55\u2009\u00b1\u20096%) is due to the front thigh rotation (0.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04), on which the hip and knee exert positive power. Pelvic rotation does not contribute to <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0008\"\/> (0.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01). This highlights the importance of the hip\u2010extensors strength and the need for it accompanied by the lumbar\u2010extensors strength cancelling out the hip\u2010extensors action on the pelvis and promoting hip\u2010extensor\u2010induced thigh rotation. The front thigh rotation decreases <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0010.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0010\"\/> (\u22120.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02). <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0012.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0012\"\/> is primarily induced by rotations of the thorax (0.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01), lumbar region (0.06\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02), and pelvis (0.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01). Rotations of the lower\u2010limb segments did not contribute to upward propulsion. Therefore, the front thigh induces downward movement, which is counterbalanced by the trunk segments. We bridge the gap in the current understanding from joint power to <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ejscbf02144-math-0014.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:17461391:media:ejscbf02144:ejscbf02144-math-0014\"\/>. We present a case involving segments on which positive joint powers are exerted similarly but play different roles: forward or upward propulsion, thereby providing insights into directional control mechanisms in explosive initiation of motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2109067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T12:35:38Z","timestamp":1659357338000},"page":"1903-1912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mechanical power flow from trunk and lower limb joint power to external horizontal power in the track and field block start"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natsuki","family":"Sado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences The 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