{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:52:13Z","timestamp":1787313133701,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the case of a patient V.E.M. who exhibits the infrequently described syndrome of visual dyslexia. V.E.M. read many single words accurately and rapidly; however, when words were read inaccurately, the majority of responses were alternate real words bearing a strong visual relationship to the target items. A series of observational and experimental investigations of her reading skills revealed that response accuracy was strongly affected by word frequency and mildly affected by concreteness but not influenced by word length, orthographic neighbourhood size, or semantic priming. It is argued that V.E.M.'s visual dyslexia results from a deficit of the visual word form system. More specifically, we propose that this deficit has an \u201caccess\u201d quality, with visual word form representations remaining relatively intact despite an impairment in the processes by which these representations are activated. Taking the results of this study together with previous reports of dyslexic patients who make a high proportion of visual paralexic errors, we also suggest that visual dyslexia represents a multicomponent dyslexic syndrome for which phonological impairment and not semantic impairment may be a necessary condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210600598676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T14:30:44Z","timestamp":1146493844000},"page":"57-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Word form access dyslexia: Understanding the basis of visual reading errors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Sebastian J.","family":"Crutch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Warrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17470210600598676","author":"Baayen R. H.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The CELEX Lexical Database"},{"key":"bibr2-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1994\/659593"},{"key":"bibr3-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.06.110"},{"key":"bibr4-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1969.tb01196.x"},{"key":"bibr5-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299008253450"},{"key":"bibr6-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049"},{"key":"bibr7-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg079"},{"key":"bibr8-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748108400805"},{"key":"bibr9-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747908400741"},{"key":"bibr10-17470210600598676","author":"Coltheart M.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Attention and performance"},{"key":"bibr11-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.8.1533"},{"key":"bibr12-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70826-8"},{"key":"bibr13-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/10.6.511"},{"key":"bibr14-17470210600598676","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"1982","journal-title":"The British Picture Vocabulary Scale"},{"key":"bibr15-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299108253376"},{"key":"bibr16-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.5.4.674"},{"key":"bibr17-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.007"},{"key":"bibr18-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.08.026"},{"key":"bibr19-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(86)80020-X"},{"key":"bibr20-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299108253374"},{"key":"bibr21-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026432997381312"},{"key":"bibr22-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067101"},{"key":"bibr23-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.5.375"},{"key":"bibr24-17470210600598676","author":"McKenna P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Graded Naming Test"},{"key":"bibr25-17470210600598676","first-page":"117","author":"Morton J.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive approaches to spelling"},{"key":"bibr26-17470210600598676","author":"Morton J.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Deep dyslexia"},{"key":"bibr27-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1990.2.2.96"},{"key":"bibr28-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(83)90047-0"},{"key":"bibr29-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747808400688"},{"key":"bibr30-17470210600598676","first-page":"286","author":"Patterson K.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Deep dyslexia"},{"key":"bibr31-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748208400852"},{"key":"bibr32-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299308253469"},{"key":"bibr33-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213116"},{"key":"bibr34-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526817"},{"key":"bibr35-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.10.866"},{"key":"bibr36-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747508400479"},{"key":"bibr37-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(77)90112-9"},{"key":"bibr38-17470210600598676","first-page":"119","author":"Shallice T.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Deep dyslexia"},{"key":"bibr39-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026432999380672"},{"key":"bibr40-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.6.2.174"},{"key":"bibr41-17470210600598676","author":"Thorndike E. L.","year":"1944","journal-title":"The teacher's word book of 30,000 words"},{"key":"bibr42-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299108253372"},{"key":"bibr43-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90145-P"},{"key":"bibr44-17470210600598676","author":"Warrington E. K.","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Visual Object and Space Perception battery"},{"key":"bibr45-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/neucas\/8.3.210","volume":"8","author":"Warrington E. K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"bibr46-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.1.43"},{"key":"bibr47-17470210600598676","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.1.99"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470210600598676","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/17470210600598676","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470210600598676","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:45:47Z","timestamp":1777635947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/17470210600598676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17470210600598676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470210600598676","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}