{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:29:38Z","timestamp":1790386178220,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence from healthy individuals and neuropsychological patients with deep dyslexia or semantic refractory access dysphasia suggests that abstract and concrete concepts have different dependencies upon associative and similarity-based representational frameworks. However, the importance of information about semantic similarity for concepts that lie across the full concreteness spectrum has not been investigated. Here we report the performance of healthy individuals on an odd-one-out task involving semantically related word triplets that showed continuous variation for the key variables of concreteness, similarity strength, and association strength. In addition, data from a stroke aphasic patient tested on a matching-to-sample task based on the same abstract, middle-concreteness, and concrete stimuli are also presented. The effects of similarity and association strength upon performance were both shown to interact significantly with concreteness, but in opposite directions. The effect of semantic similarity increased with concreteness but the effect of association decreased with concreteness. This research provides further evidence for the proposal that abstract and concrete words have different dependencies upon associative and similarity-based information. It also develops the proposal by providing data that are consistent with a graded and not binary or ungraded model of the relationship between concreteness and these two forms of semantic relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T05:00:32Z","timestamp":1291179632000},"page":"1388-1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Contrasting Graded Effects of Semantic Similarity and Association across the Concreteness Spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Sebastian J.","family":"Crutch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.3.409"},{"key":"bibr2-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016261"},{"key":"bibr3-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Avil\u00e9s A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The representation of abstract and concrete words: Evidence from priming"},{"key":"bibr4-17470218.2010.543285","unstructured":"BaayenR. H. PiepenbrockR. van RijnH. (1993). The CELEX Lexical Database [CD-ROM]., Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Linguistic Data Consortium."},{"key":"bibr5-17470218.2010.543285","first-page":"26","volume":"74","author":"Barry C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"bibr6-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002149"},{"key":"bibr7-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(02)00016-7"},{"key":"bibr8-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299408251987"},{"key":"bibr9-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041199"},{"key":"bibr10-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, W. P. & Ure, D. M. J. (1969). Five rated characteristics of 650 word association stimuli.\n                      British Journal of Psychology\n                      ,\n                      60\n                      , 233\u2013249.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1969.tb01196.x"},{"key":"bibr11-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748108400805"},{"key":"bibr12-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790500507172"},{"key":"bibr13-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210802483834"},{"key":"bibr14-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790600598832"},{"key":"bibr15-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh349"},{"key":"bibr16-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701577351"},{"key":"bibr17-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701862290"},{"key":"bibr18-17470218.2010.543285","first-page":"46","volume":"27","author":"Crutch S. J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The differential dependence of abstract and concrete words upon associative and similarity-based information: Complementary semantic interference and facilitation effects. Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"bibr19-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Crutch S. J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spatially-coded semantic information about geographical terms, Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"bibr20-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.11.012"},{"key":"bibr21-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"1982","journal-title":"The British Picture Vocabulary Scale"},{"key":"bibr22-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Gentner D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Why nouns are learned before verbs: Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning"},{"key":"bibr23-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201693"},{"key":"bibr24-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790802032218"},{"key":"bibr25-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Hamilton A. C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Do abstract and concrete concepts have different representational frameworks? Further evidence from another case of refractory semantic access disorder"},{"key":"bibr26-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.1.2.130"},{"key":"bibr27-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Jarmasz M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Roget's thesaurus and semantic similarity"},{"key":"bibr28-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280544000066"},{"key":"bibr29-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(85)90094-X"},{"key":"bibr30-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Kiss G. R.","year":"1973","journal-title":"The computer and literary studies"},{"key":"bibr31-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90033-E"},{"key":"bibr32-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211"},{"key":"bibr33-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212999"},{"key":"bibr34-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701789436"},{"key":"bibr35-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067101"},{"key":"bibr36-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.6.571"},{"key":"bibr37-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192726"},{"key":"bibr38-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.34.1.65"},{"key":"bibr39-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.28.1.183"},{"key":"bibr40-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099408915732"},{"key":"bibr41-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.863"},{"key":"bibr42-17470218.2010.543285","first-page":"264","author":"Neely J. H.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Basic processes in reading"},{"key":"bibr43-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Nelson D. L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The University of South Florida word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms"},{"key":"bibr44-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Paivio A.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Imagery and verbal processes"},{"key":"bibr45-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Paivio A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mental representations: A dual coding approach"},{"key":"bibr46-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025327"},{"key":"bibr47-17470218.2010.543285","first-page":"37","author":"Plaut D. C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society"},{"key":"bibr48-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299308253469"},{"key":"bibr49-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2001.2810"},{"key":"bibr50-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2801_4"},{"key":"bibr51-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6161.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr52-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.9.1.82"},{"key":"bibr53-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.6.2555"},{"key":"bibr54-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Snowling M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Graded Nonword Reading Test"},{"key":"bibr55-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2003.09.001"},{"key":"bibr56-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Warrington E. K.","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Camden Memory Test manual"},{"key":"bibr57-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790591006375"},{"key":"bibr58-17470218.2010.543285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.3.829"},{"key":"bibr59-17470218.2010.543285","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence"},{"key":"bibr60-17470218.2010.543285","first-page":"1134","author":"Wiemer-Hastings K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:57:04Z","timestamp":1777636624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2010.543285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}}}