{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:10:04Z","timestamp":1793434204201,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial ability is a strong predictor of students' pursuit of higher education in science and mathematics. However, very little is known about the affective factors that influence individual differences in spatial ability, particularly at a young age. We examine the role of spatial anxiety in young children's performance on a mental rotation task. We show that even at a young age, children report experiencing feelings of nervousness at the prospect of engaging in spatial activities. Moreover, we show that these feelings are associated with reduced mental rotation ability among students with high but not low working memory (WM). Interestingly, this WM \u00d7 spatial anxiety interaction was only found among girls. We discuss these patterns of results in terms of the problem-solving strategies that boys versus girls use in solving mental rotation problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]],"date-time":"2012-01-13T06:08:32Z","timestamp":1326434912000},"page":"474-487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Spatial Anxiety Relates to Spatial Abilities as a Function of Working Memory in Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Committee on Education, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Gunderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Committee on Education, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Committee on Education, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian L.","family":"Beilock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Committee on Education, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.2.224"},{"key":"bibr2-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Baddeley A.D.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Working memory,"},{"key":"bibr3-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174909.005","author":"Baddeley A.D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control,"},{"key":"bibr4-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00602.x"},{"key":"bibr5-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Beilock S.L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Choke: What the secrets of the brain reveal about getting it right when you have to,"},{"key":"bibr6-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.00789.x"},{"key":"bibr7-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.33.6.983"},{"key":"bibr8-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910967107"},{"key":"bibr9-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Beilock S.L.","journal-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation,"},{"key":"bibr10-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J. & McConnell, A. R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spill over.\n                      Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136\n                      (2), 256\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.136.2.256"},{"key":"bibr11-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00291"},{"key":"bibr12-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2009.01521.x"},{"key":"bibr13-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.298"},{"key":"bibr14-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.4.669"},{"key":"bibr15-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/749620"},{"key":"bibr16-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210903474286"},{"key":"bibr17-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610366091"},{"key":"bibr18-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.3.352"},{"key":"bibr19-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0300443840180106"},{"key":"bibr20-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.6.1259"},{"key":"bibr21-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03173113"},{"key":"bibr22-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00160"},{"key":"bibr23-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.2.263"},{"key":"bibr24-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.129.1.61"},{"key":"bibr25-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00228"},{"key":"bibr26-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Gunderson E.A.","journal-title":","},{"key":"bibr27-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Gunderson E.A.","journal-title":"Sex Roles,"},{"key":"bibr28-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr29-17470218.2011.616214","first-page":"397","volume":"20","author":"Hampson E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience,"},{"key":"bibr30-17470218.2011.616214","first-page":"195","volume":"2","author":"Heil M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Developmental Science,"},{"key":"bibr31-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.11.006"},{"key":"bibr32-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.2.250"},{"key":"bibr33-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(81)90109-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr34-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsecp.2003.20.3.65","volume":"20","author":"Kytt\u00e4l\u00e4 M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educational and Child Psychology,"},{"key":"bibr35-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01544230"},{"key":"bibr36-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.4.940"},{"key":"bibr37-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01623.x"},{"key":"bibr38-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749008401214"},{"key":"bibr39-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.04.010"},{"key":"bibr40-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2006.06.003"},{"key":"bibr41-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.09.030"},{"key":"bibr42-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23658"},{"key":"bibr43-17470218.2011.616214","first-page":"29","author":"Newcombe N.S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Educator"},{"key":"bibr44-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Newcombe N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The relation between preschoolers' everyday activities and spatial ability,"},{"key":"bibr45-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(91)90062-D"},{"key":"bibr46-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Ramirez G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The influence of math anxiety on young children's math achievement,"},{"key":"bibr47-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Ratliff K.R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The cognitive basis of individual differences in children's mental transformation skill,"},{"key":"bibr48-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.125.1.4"},{"key":"bibr49-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.93.3.604"},{"key":"bibr50-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09500690802595839"},{"key":"bibr51-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.797"},{"key":"bibr52-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.01.012"},{"key":"bibr53-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09500690802595839"},{"key":"bibr54-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164488484013"},{"key":"bibr55-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195856"},{"key":"bibr56-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409331958"},{"key":"bibr57-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-005-6765-0"},{"key":"bibr58-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Thurstone T.G.","year":"1974","journal-title":"PMA readiness level,"},{"key":"bibr59-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Uttal D.H.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin,"},{"key":"bibr60-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016127"},{"key":"bibr61-17470218.2011.616214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.99.2.397"},{"key":"bibr62-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Third Edition,"},{"key":"bibr63-17470218.2011.616214","author":"Woodcock R.W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Woodcock\u2013Johnson III Tests of Achievement,"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:57:57Z","timestamp":1777636677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2011.616214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}}}