{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:32:17Z","timestamp":1790703137444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N055629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N055629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated order encoding in developmental dyslexia using a task that presented nonalphanumeric visual characters either simultaneously or sequentially\u2014to tap spatial and temporal order encoding, respectively\u2014and asked participants to reproduce their order. Dyslexic participants performed poorly in the sequential condition, but normally in the simultaneous condition, except for positions most susceptible to interference. These results are novel in demonstrating a selective difficulty with temporal order encoding in a dyslexic group. We also tested the associations between our order reconstruction tasks and: (a) lexical learning and phonological tasks; and (b) different reading and spelling tasks. Correlations were extensive when the whole group of participants was considered together. When dyslexics and controls were considered separately, different patterns of association emerged between orthographic tasks on the one side and tasks tapping order encoding, phonological processing, and written learning on the other. These results indicate that different skills support different aspects of orthographic processing and are impaired to different degrees in individuals with dyslexia. Therefore, developmental dyslexia is not caused by a single impairment, but by a family of deficits loosely related to difficulties with order. Understanding the contribution of these different deficits will be crucial to deepen our understanding of this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,23]],"date-time":"2014-09-23T03:47:03Z","timestamp":1411444023000},"page":"99-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Encoding order and developmental dyslexia: A family of skills predicting different orthographic components"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Romani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Tsouknida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192951"},{"key":"bibr2-17470218.2014.938666","volume-title":"Doors and people: A test of visual and verbal recall and recognition","author":"Baddeley A. D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr3-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.004"},{"key":"bibr4-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.12.001"},{"key":"bibr5-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1381"},{"key":"bibr6-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.08.007"},{"key":"bibr7-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009"},{"key":"bibr8-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00513-8"},{"key":"bibr9-17470218.2014.938666","author":"Brownstein S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"How to prepare for SAT1"},{"key":"bibr10-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.11.028"},{"key":"bibr11-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00164-1"},{"key":"bibr12-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00023-2"},{"key":"bibr13-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.07.004"},{"key":"bibr14-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(01)00129-9"},{"key":"bibr15-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290442000545"},{"key":"bibr16-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(13)80059-7"},{"key":"bibr17-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.10.007"},{"key":"bibr18-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21232"},{"key":"bibr19-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500483090"},{"key":"bibr20-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210983"},{"key":"bibr21-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.013"},{"key":"bibr22-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2005.01.006"},{"key":"bibr23-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500265109"},{"key":"bibr24-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105250-00045"},{"key":"bibr25-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01801-5"},{"key":"bibr26-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709902158801"},{"key":"bibr27-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.09.017"},{"key":"bibr28-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.10.007"},{"key":"bibr29-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.11.003"},{"key":"bibr30-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.324"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr31-17470218.2014.938666","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"Holm S.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"bibr32-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00042-1"},{"key":"bibr33-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9245-z"},{"key":"bibr34-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2007.00364.x"},{"key":"bibr35-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1993.1013"},{"key":"bibr36-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747877"},{"key":"bibr37-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0909(200007\/09)6:3<163::AID-DYS150>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"bibr38-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.345"},{"key":"bibr39-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1980.51.1.55"},{"key":"bibr40-17470218.2014.938666","volume-title":"PALPA: Psycholinguistic assessment of language processing in aphasia","author":"Kay J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr41-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00208-4"},{"key":"bibr42-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.016"},{"key":"bibr43-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.1.4.394"},{"key":"bibr44-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.08.030"},{"key":"bibr45-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.027"},{"key":"bibr46-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.037"},{"key":"bibr47-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400002058"},{"key":"bibr48-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.01.025"},{"key":"bibr49-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.4.14"},{"key":"bibr50-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2525"},{"key":"bibr51-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.003"},{"key":"bibr52-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(02)00179-0"},{"key":"bibr53-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.2.279"},{"key":"bibr54-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.840852"},{"key":"bibr55-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.719530"},{"key":"bibr56-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0173"},{"key":"bibr57-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.01.009"},{"key":"bibr58-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2005.00272.x"},{"key":"bibr59-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008"},{"key":"bibr60-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2012.04.001"},{"key":"bibr61-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01849.x"},{"key":"bibr62-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.2.273"},{"key":"bibr63-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.08.007"},{"key":"bibr64-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.07.001"},{"key":"bibr65-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408321141"},{"key":"bibr66-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2012.677420"},{"key":"bibr67-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076"},{"key":"bibr68-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00735.x"},{"key":"bibr69-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.11.005"},{"key":"bibr70-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290802347183"},{"key":"bibr71-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr72-17470218.2014.938666","first-page":"482","volume":"57","author":"Romani C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"bibr73-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.05.008"},{"key":"bibr74-17470218.2014.938666","unstructured":"RomaniC. & WardJ. (1995). Word spelling lists contrasting frequency and regularity. Unpublished testing material."},{"key":"bibr75-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713755804"},{"key":"bibr76-17470218.2014.938666","volume-title":"Essentials in teaching and spelling","author":"Schonell F. J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr77-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(84)90270-6"},{"key":"bibr78-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.05.011"},{"key":"bibr79-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(85)90071-5"},{"key":"bibr80-17470218.2014.938666","volume-title":"Dyslexia-second edition","author":"Snowling M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr81-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00179-9"},{"key":"bibr82-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654309350931"},{"key":"bibr83-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023820"},{"key":"bibr84-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940203500304"},{"key":"bibr85-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.284"},{"key":"bibr86-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1995.1004"},{"key":"bibr87-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.003"},{"key":"bibr88-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00052-X"},{"key":"bibr89-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2000.0739"},{"key":"bibr90-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554799808410621"},{"key":"bibr91-17470218.2014.938666","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr92-17470218.2014.938666","volume-title":"Wechsler memory scale","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr93-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00483.x"},{"key":"bibr94-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0204_2"},{"key":"bibr95-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr96-17470218.2014.938666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205566109"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:01:57Z","timestamp":1777636917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470218.2014.938666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1747-0218","1747-0226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1747-0218","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-0226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}}}