{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:31:40Z","timestamp":1775104300852,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Digital Earth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2021.1952324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T08:09:10Z","timestamp":1626250150000},"page":"1126-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Human mobility data in the COVID-19 pandemic: characteristics, applications, and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"},{"name":"Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1809-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA"}]},{"given":"Yunhe","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Khuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"}]},{"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"}]},{"given":"Peixiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People\u2019s Republic of China"}]},{"given":"Shuming","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Data Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoinformation and Big Data Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0931-9"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-020-00596-3"},{"key":"CIT0003","unstructured":"Apple Inc. 2020. Mobility Trends Reports. July 14. https:\/\/covid19.apple.com\/mobility."},{"key":"CIT0004","unstructured":"Baidu Inc. 2020. Baidu Migration Data. April 1. https:\/\/qianxi.baidu.com\/."},{"issue":"2020","key":"CIT0005","first-page":"1","volume":"731","author":"Bao R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.1.011001"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102616"},{"key":"CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2020.882"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa011"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2021.102427"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9879"},{"key":"CIT0012","unstructured":"Camber Systems. 2020. Social Distancing Reporter. https:\/\/covid19.cambersystems.com\/."},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140489"},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104999"},{"key":"CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68230-9"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.04.005"},{"key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000782"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2021.1873999"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07317131.2018.1532055"},{"key":"CIT0020","unstructured":"Cuebiq Inc. 2020. Cuebiq's COVID-19 Mobility Index (CMI). October 1. https:\/\/help.cuebiq.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360041285051-Cuebiq-s-COVID-19-Mobility-Index-CMI-"},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-018-1068-1"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19862"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01376"},{"key":"CIT0024","unstructured":"Descartes Lab. 2020. Descartes Lab Mobility Index. https:\/\/www.descarteslabs.com\/mobility\/."},{"key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-05853-7"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04238"},{"key":"CIT0027","unstructured":"Dudden, A., and A. Marks. 2020. \u201cSouth Korea Took Rapid, Intrusive Measures against Covid-19-and They Worked.\u201d The Guardian, 20."},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/0400000042"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101613"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104272"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.11.006"},{"key":"CIT0032","unstructured":"Foursquare Labs, Inc. 2020. Location Visit Data. June 1. https:\/\/visitdata.org\/index.html."},{"key":"CIT0033","unstructured":"Fraiberger, S. P., P. Astudillo, L. Candeago, A. Chunet, N. K. Jones, M. F. Khan, B. Lepri, et al. 2020. Uncovering Socioeconomic Gaps in Mobility Reduction during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Location Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.15195."},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81001-4"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404820.3404824"},{"key":"CIT0036","unstructured":"Gao, J., J. Wang, Z. Bian, S. D. Bernardes, Y. Chen, A. Bhattacharyya, S. S. M. Thambiran, K. Ozbay, S. Iyer, and X. J. Ban. 2020b. The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Transportation Systems in New York City and Seattle, USA. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.01170."},{"key":"CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004978117"},{"key":"#cr-split#-CIT0038.1","unstructured":"Ghader, S., J. Zhao, M. Lee, W. Zhou, G. Zhao, and L. Zhang. 2020. Observed Mobility Behavior Data Reveal Social Distancing Inertia. arXiv 2020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-CIT0038.2","unstructured":"published online April 30, 2020. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.14748 (preprint)."},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41885-020-00069-w"},{"key":"CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958"},{"key":"CIT0041","unstructured":"Google LLC. 2020. Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. May 14. https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/."},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.62"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100167"},{"key":"CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000424"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/dim-2020-0012"},{"key":"CIT0046","author":"Hu M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2961100"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241957"},{"key":"CIT0049","author":"Huang X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Digital Earth"},{"key":"CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110675"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2018.1450787"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104791"},{"key":"CIT0053","first-page":"5","author":"Jeffrey B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-019-0129-8","volume":"5","author":"Jiang J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health Research and Policy"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131469"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00734-5"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00884-x"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2018.2871693"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4218"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w26990"},{"key":"CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20335"},{"key":"CIT0062","author":"Lamb M. R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"},{"key":"CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa037"},{"key":"CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.05.004"},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., J. Zhao, Q. Sun, Y. Pan, W. Zhou, C. Xiong, and L. Zhang. 2020. Human Mobility Trends during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. arXiv 2020; published online May 4. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.01215 (preprint).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241468"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.31.20223776"},{"key":"CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47998-5_4"},{"key":"CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., X. Huang, T. Hu, H. Ning, X. Ye, and X. Li. 2021a. ODT FLOW: A Scalable Platform for Extracting, Analyzing, and Sharing Multi-Source Multi-Scale Human Mobility. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.05040.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255259"},{"key":"CIT0069","unstructured":"Li, Z., X. Huang, X. Ye, Y. Jiang, M. Yago, H. Ning, M. E. Hodgson, and X. Li. 2021b. Measuring Place Connectivity Using Big Social Media Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.03991."},{"key":"CIT0070","unstructured":"Li, Z., X. Huang, X. Ye, and X. Li. 2020a. ODT Flow Explorer: Extract, Query, and Visualize Human Mobility. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.12958."},{"key":"CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24432"},{"key":"CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.05.001"},{"key":"CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101576"},{"key":"CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2019.02.004"},{"key":"CIT0075","author":"Mart\u00edn Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Population and Environment"},{"key":"CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00062"},{"key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810902881903"},{"key":"CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.12.211"},{"key":"CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.79.016111"},{"key":"CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc0764"},{"key":"CIT0081","unstructured":"The OpenSky Network. 2020. http:\/\/www.opensky-network.org."},{"key":"CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12660"},{"key":"#cr-split#-CIT0083.1","unstructured":"Pan, Y., A. Darzi, A. Kabiri, G. Zhao, W. Luo, C. Xiong, and L. Zhang. 2020. \"Quantifying Human Mobility Behavior Changes in Response to Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions during the COVID-19 Outbreak in the United States.\" arXiv 2020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-CIT0083.2","unstructured":"published online May 4, 2020. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.01224 (preprint)."},{"key":"CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201315"},{"key":"CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060402"},{"key":"CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00575-2"},{"key":"CIT0087","unstructured":"Porcher, Simon, and Thomas Renault. 2020. \u201cSocial Distancing Beliefs and Human Mobility: Evidence from Twitter.\u201d arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.04826. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2008.04826."},{"key":"CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1237-z"},{"key":"CIT0089","unstructured":"SafeGraph Inc. 2020. SafeGraph COVID-19 Data. October 1. https:\/\/www.safegraph.com\/covid-19-data-consortium."},{"issue":"11","key":"CIT0090","first-page":"w20225","volume":"150","author":"Salath\u00e9 M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Medical Weekly"},{"key":"CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15387216.2020.1820355"},{"key":"CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177170"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124552","volume":"17","author":"Su Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"CIT0094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138539"},{"key":"CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5188"},{"key":"CIT0096","unstructured":"Unacast. 2020. Social Distancing Scoreboard. COVID-19 Toolkit. https:\/\/www.unacast.com\/covid19\/social-distancing-scoreboard."},{"key":"CIT0097","unstructured":"University of Maryland. 2020. University of Maryland COVID-19 Impact Analysis Platform,https:\/\/data.covid.umd.edu."},{"key":"CIT0098","unstructured":"Usery, E. L., M. P. Finn, M. Starbuck, and M. C. M. Center. 2005. \u201cIntegrating Data Layers to Support the National Map of the United States.\u201d In International Cartographic Conference. A Corua, Spain."},{"key":"CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00205-0"},{"key":"CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217930"},{"key":"CIT0101","unstructured":"Warren, M. S., and S. W. Skillman. 2020. \u201cMobility Changes in Response to COVID-19.\u201d arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.14228."},{"key":"CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa136"},{"key":"CIT0103","unstructured":"Xiong, C., S. Hu, M. Yang, H. N. Younes, W. Luo, S. Ghader, and L. Zhang. 2020. \u201cData-Driven Modeling Reveals the Impact of Stay-at-Home Orders on Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.\u201d arXiv 2020; published online May 2. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.00667 (preprint)."},{"key":"CIT0104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.04.001"},{"key":"CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052620"},{"key":"CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236387"},{"key":"CIT0107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75033-5"},{"key":"CIT0108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2020.1809723"},{"key":"CIT0109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136832"},{"key":"CIT0110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2030613.2030630"},{"key":"CIT0111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.02.21249119"},{"key":"CIT0112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639116"},{"key":"CIT0113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"CIT0114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/99608f92.79e1f45e"},{"key":"CIT0115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.02.20030080"},{"key":"CIT0116","volume-title":"Understanding Big Data: Analytics for Enterprise Class Hadoop and Streaming Data","author":"Zikopoulos P.","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Digital Earth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17538947.2021.1952324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T18:38:43Z","timestamp":1636396723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17538947.2021.1952324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17538947.2021.1952324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538947.2021.1952324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-8947","1753-8955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-8947","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-8955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tjde20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tjde20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2021-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}