{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T09:08:21Z","timestamp":1774429701351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"no funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Work in Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2021.1981509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T07:15:30Z","timestamp":1633072530000},"page":"105-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["This Is America: Systemic Racism and Health Inequities Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moctezuma","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"cit0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16661"},{"key":"cit0002","unstructured":"amFAR. (2020). COVID-19 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Counties. Retrieved from https:\/\/ehe.amfar.org\/inequity"},{"key":"cit0003","unstructured":"Anthes, E. & Petri, A. (2021). CDC Director Warns of a \u2018Pandemic of the Unvaccinated.\u2019 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/07\/16\/health\/covid-delta-cdc-walensky.html"},{"key":"cit0004","unstructured":"Baker, P., Green, E. L. & Weiland, N. (2020, July 8). Trump threatens to cut funding if schools do not fully reopen. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/07\/08\/us\/politics\/trump-schools-reopening.html"},{"key":"cit0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1295300"},{"key":"cit0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3561468"},{"issue":"1","key":"cit0007","first-page":"34","volume":"4","author":"Bullard R. D","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global Dialogue"},{"key":"cit0008","unstructured":"Carson, E. A. (2020). Prisoners in 2018."},{"key":"cit0009","unstructured":"CDC. (2019). Promotores de salud\/community health workers."},{"key":"cit0010","unstructured":"CDC. (2020a). People with certain medical conditions."},{"key":"cit0011","unstructured":"CDC. (2020b). Social network strategy for HIV testing recruitment."},{"key":"cit0012","unstructured":"CDC. (2020c). The importance of reopening America\u2019s schools this fall."},{"key":"cit0013","unstructured":"CDC. (2021a). CDC COVID data tracker. Retrieved from: https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/#datatracker-home"},{"key":"cit0014","unstructured":"CDC. (2021b). Community, work, and school: Information for where you live, work, learn, and play. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/index.html"},{"key":"cit0015","unstructured":"CDC. (2021c, July 16). Interim public health recommendations for fully vaccinated people. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/vaccines\/fully-vaccinated-guidance.html"},{"key":"cit0016","unstructured":"CDC. (n.d., May 25). COVID-19 data from the national center for health statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/covid19\/index.htm"},{"key":"cit0017","unstructured":"Chicago Department of Public Health. (2020). Latest data - city of Chicago. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https:\/\/www.chicago.gov\/city\/en\/sites\/covid-19\/home\/latest-data.html"},{"key":"cit0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e2"},{"key":"cit0019","unstructured":"County of Los Angeles Public Health. (2020). LA county COVID-19 surveillance dashboard."},{"key":"cit0020","unstructured":"County of Los Angeles Public Health. (2021). L.A. county community transmission of COVID-19 increases from moderate to substantial; reinstating masking indoors for everyone - 1,537 new confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Los Angeles county and 3 deaths. Retrieved from http:\/\/publichealth.lacounty.gov\/phcommon\/public\/media\/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=3240#:~:text=The%20Los%20Angeles%20County%20Health,since%20the%20June%2015%20reopening."},{"key":"cit0021","unstructured":"County of San Diego. (n.d.). COVID-19 vaccine eligibility. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sandiegocounty.gov\/content\/sdc\/hhsa\/programs\/phs\/community_epidemiology\/dc\/2019-nCoV\/vaccines\/phases.html"},{"key":"cit0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15297"},{"key":"cit0023","unstructured":"Detention Watch Network. (2020). Hotbeds of infection: How ICE detention contributed to the spread of COVID-19 in the United States Retrieved from https:\/\/www.detentionwatchnetwork.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/DWN_Hotbeds%20of%20Infection_2020_FOR%20WEB.pdf"},{"key":"cit0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0799-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"cit0025","first-page":"182","volume":"325","author":"Erfani P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"cit0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1536-7150.1987.tb01949.x"},{"key":"cit0027","unstructured":"Forgey, Q. & Choi, M. (2020, September 9). \u2018This is deadly stuff\u2019: Tapes show Trump acknowledging virus threat in February. Politico. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2020\/09\/09\/trump-coronavirus-deadly-downplayed-risk\u2013410796"},{"key":"cit0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918774788"},{"key":"cit0029","unstructured":"Gant, Z., Dailey, A., Hu, X., Wu, B., Jin, C., Yu, C. \u2026 Friend, M. (2019). Social determinants of health among adults with diagnosed HIV infection, 2017. HIV Surveillance Report: Supplemental Report, 24(4), 1-134.Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/library\/reports\/surveillance\/cdc-hiv-surveillance-supplemental-report-vol-24-4.pdf"},{"issue":"15","key":"cit0030","volume":"69","author":"Garg S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"15","key":"cit0031","volume":"69","author":"Ghinai I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"cit0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000806"},{"key":"cit0033","unstructured":"Harris County Public Health, & Houston Health Department. (2020). Harris couty\/houston COVID-19 cases."},{"key":"cit0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.02.003"},{"key":"cit0035","volume-title":"The CDC field epidemiology manual","author":"Holt J. D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"cit0036","author":"Hooper M. W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA. 323(24), 2466-2467"},{"key":"cit0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02687-2"},{"key":"cit0038","unstructured":"Kassie, E. & Marcollini, B. (2020). \u2018It was like a time bomb\u2019: How ICE helped spread the coronavirus.The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/07\/10\/us\/ice-coronavirus-deportation.html"},{"key":"cit0039","unstructured":"Kearney, A. & Mu\u00f1ana, C. (2020). Taking stock of essential workers"},{"key":"cit0040","unstructured":"Khazan, O. (2020). The Most American COVID-19 Failure Yet: Contact tracing works almost everywhere else. Why not here?"},{"key":"cit0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e2"},{"key":"cit0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7001a4"},{"key":"cit0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa474"},{"key":"cit0044","unstructured":"MacMillan, C. (2021, May 21). Herd immunity: Will we ever get there? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.yalemedicine.org\/news\/herd-immunity"},{"key":"cit0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11366"},{"key":"cit0046","unstructured":"NASW. (2012). Code of ethics of the national association of social workers. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.naswdc.org\/pubs\/code\/code.asp"},{"key":"cit0047","unstructured":"NASW. (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.socialworkers.org\/Advocacy\/Policy-Issues\/COVID-19-Advocacy"},{"key":"cit0048","unstructured":"The National Center for Coverage Innovation at Families USA. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic crash have caused the greatest health insurance losses in american history."},{"key":"cit0049","unstructured":"National Equity Atlas. (2020). School poverty: All youth should attend economically diverse, well-resourced schools."},{"key":"cit0050","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2020). COVID-19 data. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/site\/doh\/covid\/covid-19-data.page"},{"key":"cit0051","unstructured":"The New York Times. (2021a, August 4). Coronavirus world map: Tracking the global outbreak. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/world\/covid-cases.html"},{"key":"cit0052","unstructured":"The New York Times. (2021b, September 3). Tracking Coronavirus cases at U.S. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSIties. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/us\/college-covid-tracker.html"},{"key":"cit0053","unstructured":"Oberg, T. (2020). 13 Investigates: Thousands of Houston contact tracing cases tossed over testing delays."},{"key":"cit0054","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2019). Social determinants of health: Healthy people 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/topics-objectives\/topic\/social-determinants-of-health"},{"key":"cit0055","unstructured":"Otterman, S. (2020). City Praised Contact-Tracing Rollout; Workers Called It Chaos"},{"key":"cit0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005953"},{"key":"cit0057","unstructured":"Paz, C. (2020, August 31). All the president\u2019s lies about the Coronavirus: An unfinished compendium of Trump\u2019s overwhelming dishonesty during a national emergency. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2020\/08\/trumps-lies-about-coronavirus\/608647\/"},{"key":"cit0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01631-y"},{"key":"cit0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.05.004"},{"key":"cit0060","unstructured":"Project South. (2020). Lack of medical care, unsafe work practices, and absence of adequate protection against COVID-19 for detained immigrants and employees alike at the Irwin county detention center."},{"key":"cit0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2016.2.5.03"},{"key":"cit0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-024930"},{"key":"cit0063","unstructured":"Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Retrieved September, 2020, from https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus"},{"key":"cit0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100868"},{"key":"cit0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2006.04.002"},{"key":"cit0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.76"},{"key":"cit0067","volume-title":"COVID-19 testing in state prisons","author":"Schnepel K. T.","year":"2021"},{"key":"cit0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90205-4"},{"key":"cit0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1724317"},{"key":"cit0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30003-X"},{"key":"cit0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0391"},{"key":"cit0072","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020, September 4). Monthly employment situation news releases and COVID-19 impact summaries. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Response on the Employment Situation News Release. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/covid19\/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm"},{"key":"cit0073","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). Monthly Employment Situation news releases and COVID-19 impact summaries. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Employment Situation News Release and Data. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/news.release\/archives\/empsit_05072021.pdf"},{"key":"cit0074","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). HHS announces CARES act funding distribution to states and localities in support of COVID-19 response."},{"key":"cit0075","unstructured":"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (2021, August). ICE guidance on COVID-19. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/coronavirus#wcm-survey-target-id"},{"key":"cit0076","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. (2020, September). Educational Attainment in the United States: 2019."},{"key":"cit0077","unstructured":"The Washington Post. (2020, April 18). What we know about delays in coronavirus testing. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/investigations\/2020\/04\/18\/timeline-coronavirus-testing\/?arc404=true"},{"key":"cit0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009412117"},{"key":"cit0079","unstructured":"Witters, D. (Producer)(2020, September). In U.S., 14% With Likely COVID-19 to Avoid Care Due to Cost. Retrieved from https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/309224\/avoid-care-likely-covid-due-cost.aspx"},{"key":"cit0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-8-199610150-00008"},{"key":"cit0081","volume-title":"A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"cit0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548"}],"container-title":["Social Work in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/19371918.2021.1981509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T10:43:06Z","timestamp":1641552186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19371918.2021.1981509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/19371918.2021.1981509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19371918.2021.1981509","relation":{},"ISSN":["1937-1918","1937-190X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1937-1918","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-190X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=whsp20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=whsp20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2021-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}