{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T04:08:35Z","timestamp":1774498115261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of GIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2025.2552161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T05:17:24Z","timestamp":1757740644000},"page":"501-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["GIScience in the era of Artificial Intelligence: a research agenda towards Autonomous GIS"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, USA"]}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, USA"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin \u2013 Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Janowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University","place":["Tempe, USA"]}]},{"given":"Samantha T.","family":"Arundel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey","place":["Reston, USA"]}]},{"given":"Chaowei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University","place":["Fairfax, USA"]}]},{"given":"Budhendra","family":"Bhaduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","place":["Oak Ridge, USA"]}]},{"given":"Shaowen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana-Champaign, USA"]}]},{"given":"A-Xing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin \u2013 Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gahegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland","place":["Auckland, New Zealand"]}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and the Environment and the Alabama Center for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University","place":["Quebec, Canada"]}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Cervone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, USA"]}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina","place":["Columbia, USA"]}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2411.07207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Ageospatial. 2024. \u201cGeoforge: Geospatial Analysis with Large Language Models (GeoLLMs).\u201d Medium. February 20. https:\/\/medium.com\/@ageospatial\/geoforge-geospatial-analysis-with-large-language-models-geollms-2d3a0eaff8aa."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2025.2497489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2020.2970903"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2024. \u201cIntroducing the Model Context Protocol.\u201d November 25. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/model-context-protocol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.04667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"AutoGluon. ([2019] 2025). Autogluon\/Autogluon.\u201d Python. July 29; Autogluon released January 19. https:\/\/github.com\/autogluon\/autogluon."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2404.07738"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06792-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","unstructured":"Bryson T. 2024. \u201cFrom Questions to Discoveries: NASA\u2019s New Earth Copilot Brings Microsoft AI Capabilities to Democratize Access to Complex Data.\u201d The Official Microsoft Blog. November 14. https:\/\/blogs.microsoft.com\/blog\/2024\/11\/14\/from-questions-to-discoveries-nasas-new-earth-copilot-brings-microsoft-ai-capabilities-to-democratize-access-to-complex-data\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Challenge S. A. 2024. \u201cSpatial AI Challenge 2024: Fostering FAIR Data and Open Science Practices Using the i-Guide Platform: I-Guide.\u201d https:\/\/i-guide.io\/spatial-ai-challenge-2024\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y.-J. W. Li L.-M. Losier Tucker C. Janowicz K. Chou T.Y.J. Shinde R. et al. 2025. \u201cThirty Years of the Open Geospatial Consortium - History Present and Future.\u201d February 23. https:\/\/eartharxiv.org\/repository\/view\/8623\/.","DOI":"10.31223\/X5KQ7K"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.18792"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","unstructured":"Chui M. E. Hazan R. Roberts A. Singla and K. Smaje. 2023. \u201cThe Economic Potential of Generative AI.\u201d http:\/\/dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/14313\/1\/The-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","unstructured":"Colorado General Assembly. 2024. \u201cColorado AI Act - Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence SB24-205 Colorado General Assembly 2024 Regular Session.\u201d https:\/\/leg.colorado.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/colorado_ai_act_-_public_interest_groups_redline_2024.10.30.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","unstructured":"Cook J. 2024. \u201cOpenAI\u2019s 5 Levels of \u2018Super AI\u2019 (AGI to Outperform Human Capability).\u201d Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jodiecook\/2024\/07\/16\/openais-5-levels-of-super-ai-agi-to-outperform-human-capability\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh4451"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","unstructured":"Esri. 2025. \u201cHistory of GIS | Timeline of the Development of GIS.\u201d https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/what-is-gis\/history-of-gis."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-020-00425-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","unstructured":"Farnaghi M. G. Garc\u00eda and Z. Lu. 2024. \u201cIntelliGeo.\u201d https:\/\/www.intelligeo.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v28i11.13346"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00834-7"},{"issue":"261","key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Auto-Sklearn 2.0: Hands-Free AutoML Via Meta-Learning","volume":"23","author":"Feurer M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feurer, M., K. Eggensperger, S. Falkner, M. Lindauer, and F. Hutter. 2022. \u201cAuto-Sklearn 2.0: Hands-Free AutoML Via Meta-Learning.\u201d Journal of Machine Learning Research 23 (261): 1\u201361. http:\/\/jmlr.org\/papers\/v23\/21-0992.html.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1562164.1562186"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1652304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11593-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00524"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc8040042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","unstructured":"Giattino C. E. Mathieu V. Samborska and M. Roser. 2023. \u201cArtificial Intelligence.\u201d Our World in Data. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/artificial-intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799208901893"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015759118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2020.1806030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","unstructured":"Google L. L. C. 2024. \u201cData Science Agent.\u201d https:\/\/labs.google.com\/code\/dsa."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14702541.2023.2260824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","unstructured":"Greyling C. 2024. \u201c5 Levels of AI Agents (Updated).\u201d Medium. October 11. https:\/\/cobusgreyling.medium.com\/5-levels-of-ai-agents-updated-0ddf8931a1c6."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2401.09083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2402.17453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2407.11014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466688"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2024.3400838"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230583818_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3362475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2402.18679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.17031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2503.23278"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2397441"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2106.09685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.14255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53125-6_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2405.06643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.06184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","unstructured":"I-GUIDE. 2025. \u201cI-Guide Platform.\u201d https:\/\/platform.i-guide.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003308423-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1684500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2024.106165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226850337.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15388\/NA.16.2.14104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2307.10169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","unstructured":"Karjalainen A. 2024. \u201cThe Five Levels of Agentic Automation - Sema4.AI.\u201d https:\/\/sema4.ai\/blog\/the-five-levels-of-agentic-automation\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0541:EHSUWA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1909.04388"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","unstructured":"Khune A. 2024. \u201cModernizing Uber\u2019s Batch Data Infrastructure with Google Cloud Platform.\u201d Uber Blog. May 30. https:\/\/www.uber.com\/blog\/modernizing-ubers-data-infrastructure-with-gcp\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881419857432"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2403.08345"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3678717.3691248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.687349"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421412111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks","volume":"33","author":"Lewis P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis, P., E. Perez, A. Piktus, Petroni, F., Karpukhin, V., Goyal, N., K\u00fcttler, H., et al. 2020. \u201cRetrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks.\u201d Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33:9459\u20139474. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2020\/hash\/6b493230205f780e1bc26945df7481e5-Abstract.html.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2017.1373625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"GeoAI: Where Machine Learning and Big Data Converge in GIScience","volume":"20","author":"Li W.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, W. 2020. \u201cGeoAI: Where Machine Learning and Big Data Converge in GIScience.\u201d Journal of Spatial Information Science 20 (June): 20. https:\/\/josis.org\/index.php\/josis\/article\/view\/116.","journal-title":"Journal of Spatial Information Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5311\/JOSIS.2024.29.349"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi2020413"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2023.2278895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002787"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.20424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74831-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2403.14896"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.12376"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3425815"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.10928"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2407.06886"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.06292"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","first-page":"2346","article-title":"Learning under Concept Drift: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Lu J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu, J., A. Liu, F. Dong, F. Gu, J. Gama, and G. Zhang. 2018. \u201cLearning under Concept Drift: A Review.\u201d IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 31 (12): 2346\u20132363. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8496795\/?casa_token=jV3n5OwOATIAAAAA:QK4gx489H7tAHitya1BtGH892Rnkzv_CQbzsGuRAlfKj3Tv4z-A2zQg5HsgmbVPSL04PHtSe.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.03464"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-022-00002-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3653070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3687123.3698293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10622-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13100348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_1","unstructured":"Manus A. I. 2025. \u201cManus.\u201d https:\/\/manus.im\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136588199241463"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4526071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14010035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.7929"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2024.101691"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_1","unstructured":"Mooney P. and M. Minghini. 2017. \u201cA Review of OpenStreetMap Data.\u201d Mapping and the Citizen Sensor 37\u201359. https:\/\/library.oapen.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.12657\/31138\/1\/637890.pdf#page=46."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_1","unstructured":"Morehead M. 2025. \u201cAutonomous Science Part I: Everything\u2019s an API Away.\u201d Mackenzie Morehead. February 4. https:\/\/www.mackenziemorehead.com\/autonomous-science-part-i-everythings-an-api-away\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2311.02462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_1","unstructured":"Nestler J. 2024. \u201cHow to Find Geometry Intersections within the Same Dataset using GeoPandas.\u201d Medium. February 14. https:\/\/medium.com\/@jesse.b.nestler\/how-to-find-geometry-intersections-within-the-same-dataset-using-geopandas-59cd1a5f30f9."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2025.2458688"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_1","unstructured":"Norman S. P. W. W. Hargrove J. P. Spruce W. M. Christie and S. W. Schroeder. 2013. \u201cUsing the FORWARN System.\u201d https:\/\/research.fs.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-02\/srs-efetac_forwarn_gtr180.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Machine Learning","volume":"4","author":"Olson R. S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olson, R. S., and J. H. Moore. 2016. \u201cTPOT: A Tree-Based Pipeline Optimization Tool for Automating Machine Learning.\u201d Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Machine Learning , New York: USA, 4, 66\u201374. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v64\/olson_tpot_2016.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. \u201cIntroducing Operator.\u201d January 23. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/introducing-operator\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_1","unstructured":"\u00d6sterman A. 2014. \u201cMap Visualization in ArcGIS QGIS and MapInfo.\u201d https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2:729183."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_1","first-page":"27585","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Peng L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng, L., P. Giampouras, and R. Vidal. 2023. \u201cThe Ideal Continual Learner: An Agent that never Forgets.\u201d Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning ,Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 27585\u201327610. July 3. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v202\/peng23a.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7552(94)90141-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiixd.2023.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.04227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_1","unstructured":"Schottlander D. and T. Shekel. 2025. \u201cGeospatial Reasoning: Unlocking Insights with Generative AI and Multiple Foundation Models.\u201d April 8. https:\/\/research.google\/blog\/geospatial-reasoning-unlocking-insights-with-generative-ai-and-multiple-foundation-models\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-20016-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33532-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_1","unstructured":"Shelby. 2025. \u201cCommercializing Autonomous Science [substack Newsletter].\u201d Biocene Thoughts. February 6. https:\/\/shelbyann.substack.com\/p\/commercializing-autonomous-science."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2025.2479796"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.04109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6105872"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2404.15500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_122_1","unstructured":"Smith C. 2016. \u201cTurning Transportation: Challenges and Opportunities Presented to the City of Vancouver by Autonomous Vehicles.\u201d https:\/\/sustain.ubc.ca\/about\/resources\/turning-transportation-challenges-and-opportunities-presented-city-vancouver."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-60796-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.09403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_125_1","unstructured":"Synopsys. 2019. \u201cThe 6 Levels of Vehicle Autonomy Explained | Synopsys Automotive.\u201d April 14. https:\/\/www.synopsys.com\/blogs\/chip-design\/autonomous-driving-levels.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2412.02732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2023.105902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1831514"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3356470.3365530"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06221-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-024-40231-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045601003791243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.841318"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S. T. Hu H. Xiao Li Y. Zhang C. Ning H. Zhu R. Li Z. and Ye X. 2024. \u201cGPT Large Language Models (LLMs) and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) Models in Geospatial Science: A Systematic Review.\u201d International Journal of Digital Earth. December 31. world. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17538947.2024.2353122.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2024.2353122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2024.104120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2438937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_137_1","volume-title":"AMCIS 2011 Proceedings - All Submissions","author":"Wilson D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilson, D., X. Lin, P. Longstreet, and S. Sarker. 2011. \u201cWeb 2.0: A Definition, Literature Review, and Directions for Future Research.\u201d AMCIS 2011 Proceedings - All Submissions, August 5. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2011_submissions\/368."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2402.01364"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-3816-0_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474842"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3638550.3641130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13040127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2011.587547"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2010.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaf359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2024.2404868"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2024.103976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2025.2455112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183778"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.07278"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2020.1766563"}],"container-title":["Annals of GIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/19475683.2025.2552161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T07:03:32Z","timestamp":1763967812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19475683.2025.2552161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/19475683.2025.2552161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475683.2025.2552161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-5683","1947-5691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1947-5683","type":"print"},{"value":"1947-5691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tagi20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tagi20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2025-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}