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In this context, the crosstalk between different cardiac cell types and especially the exchange of cardioprotective mediators has come into the focus of current research. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano\u2010sized structures, emerged as possible communication mediators. They are taken up by recipient cells and can alter gene expression or activate intracellular signal cascades. It has been shown that all cardiac cell types are able to secrete EVs, but so far the influence of an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> preconditioning stimulus on EV concentration and composition has not been investigated. Therefore, we stimulated primary cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts from neonatal rats, as well as H9c2 cells, with two known <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> preconditioning stimuli: hypoxia or isoflurane. EVs were isolated from cell culture supernatants 48\u00a0h after stimulation by differential centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. They were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, tunable resistive pulse sensing, miRNA array and Western blot analysis. The detected EVs had the typical cup\u2010shaped morphology and a size of about 150\u00a0nm. No significant differences in EV concentration were observed between the different groups. The protein and miRNA load was affected by <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> preconditioning with isoflurane or hypoxia. EV markers like Alix, CD63, flotillin\u20101 and especially heat shock protein 70 were significantly up\u2010regulated by the treatments. Several miRNAs like miR\u201092b\u20103p, miR\u2010761 and miR\u2010101a\u20105p were also significantly affected. A migration assay confirmed the physiological benefit of these EVs. Taken together, our findings show that a model of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> preconditioning of cardiac cells does not influence EV concentration but strongly regulates the EV cargo and affects migration. This might indicate a role for EV\u2010mediated communication in isoflurane\u2010 and hypoxia\u2010induced <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> preconditioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1390391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T03:33:08Z","timestamp":1509334388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Characterization of extracellular vesicles derived from cardiac cells in an <i>in vitro<\/i> model of preconditioning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Borosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Critical Care &amp; Anesthesia research and evaluation (3CARE) University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen 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