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EVs are secreted by all cell types including immune cells. Immune cell\u2010derived EVs modulate diverse aspects of the immune system to either enhance or suppress immune activities. The extensive effects of immune cell\u2010derived EVs have become the focus of great interest for various nano\u2010biomedical applications, ranging from the medical use of nanoplatform\u2010based diagnostic agents to the development of therapeutic interventions as well as vaccine applications, and thus may be ideal for \u2018immune\u2010theranostic\u2019. Here, we review the latest advances concerning the biological roles of immune cell\u2010derived EVs in innate and acquired immunity. The intercellular communication amongst immune cells through their EVs is highlighted, showing that all immune cell\u2010derived EVs have their unique function(s) in immunity through intricate interaction(s). Natural\u2010killer (NK) cell\u2010derived EVs, for example, contain potent cytotoxic proteins and induce apoptosis to targeted cancer cells. On the other hand, cancer cell\u2010derived EVs bearing NK ligands may evade immune surveillance and responses. Finally, we discuss possible medical uses for the immune cell\u2010derived EVs as a tool for immune\u2010theranostic: as diagnostic biomarkers, for use in therapeutic interventions and for vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1400370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1511403886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Biological roles and potential applications of immune cell\u2010derived extracellular vesicles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation"},{"name":"Division of Hematology Children's Medical Center The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University\/Institute of Pediatrics Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Seeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muller","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology The Saban Research Institute Children's Hospital Los Angeles USC\u2010Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan S.","family":"Wayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose Y.","family":"Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu 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