{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:14:14Z","timestamp":1767046454783,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3101,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is debate in Victoria, Australia concerning the effects of various drugs, including opioids, on driving skills and accident rates, and the development of appropriate legislative responses. There are legislative difficulties around drugs and driving because of the lack of adequate epidemiological and performance\u2010based studies. In relation to opioids, although there are studies that have shown the prevalence of opioids in both non\u2010fatal and fatal crashes, these studies do not demonstrate that the use of opioids is associated with any elevated crash risk and they fail to take into account issues regarding tolerance. A review of the performance studies, including only a small number of driving studies, suggests that opioids, and in particular methadone, have limited effects on driving skills. None the less, recommendations have been made in other countries, such as Germany, that place driving restrictions upon methadone clients. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of opioids on driving skills and accident risk, with reference to the proposed changes to legislation in the area of drugs and driving in Victoria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/713659417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,25]],"date-time":"2007-06-25T13:57:50Z","timestamp":1182779870000},"page":"427-439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Opioid dependence and driving ability: a review in the context of proposed legislative change in Victoria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"MICHAEL G.","family":"LENN\u00c9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PAUL","family":"DIETZE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GREG","family":"RUMBOLD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JENNIFER R.","family":"REDMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"THOMAS J.","family":"TRIGGS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Inquiry into the effects of drugs (other than alcohol) on road safety in Victoria: final report","year":"1996","author":"Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2"},{"volume-title":"Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","year":"1992","author":"Goodman\u2010Gilman A.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"volume-title":"Expenditure and Prescriptions Twelve Months to 30 June 1998","year":"1998","author":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Branch Analysis Section","key":"e_1_2_1_4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Expanding treatment options for heroin dependence in Victoria: buprenorphine, LAAM, naltrexone and slow\u2010release oral morphine","author":"Kutin J.","year":"1997"},{"volume-title":"1995 Victorian Drug Household Survey: survey report","year":"1998","author":"Victorian Department of Human Services","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2"},{"volume-title":"Drug use and driving in the general population","year":"1998","author":"McLeod R.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01055-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01848-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1995.tb00575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"395","article-title":"Evaluation of the accuracy of on\u2010site multi\u2010analyte drug testing devices in the determination of the prevalence of illicit drugs in drivers","volume":"43","author":"Buchan BJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Forens Sci Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Drugs in fatally injured young male drivers","volume":"100","author":"Williams AF","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11768J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(89)90021-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00051-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Problems and methods in studying drug crash effects","volume":"2","author":"Terhune KW","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alcohol Drugs Driving"},{"volume-title":"The incidence and role of drugs in fatally injured drivers (report no. 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