{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:56:37Z","timestamp":1791467797259,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/policies-text-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["History of European Ideas"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:14:43Z","timestamp":1774613683000},"page":"1538-1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Religion, Race, and the Limits of Progress in the Global Histories of William Robertson"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ahnert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The Soul, Natural Religion, and Moral Philosophy in the Scottish Enlightenment","volume":"2","author":"Ahnert Thomas.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ahnert, Thomas. \u201cThe Soul, Natural Religion, and Moral Philosophy in the Scottish Enlightenment.\u201d Eighteenth-Century Thought 2 (2004): 233\u2013253.","journal-title":"Eighteenth-Century Thought"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781580466585"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Die Aufkl\u00e4rung und ihre Weltwirkung","author":"Ahnert Thomas.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahnert, Thomas. \u201cFortschrittsgeschichte und Religi\u00f6se Aufkl\u00e4rung. William Robertson und die Deutung au\u00dfereurop\u00e4ischer Kulturen.\u201d In Die Aufkl\u00e4rung und ihre Weltwirkung, edited by Wolfgang Hardtwig, 101\u2013122. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"The Moral Culture of Enlightenment, 1690\u20131805","author":"Ahnert Thomas.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahnert, Thomas. The Moral Culture of Enlightenment, 1690\u20131805. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","volume-title":"Scotland in the Eighteenth Century","author":"Allan David.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allan, David. Scotland in the Eighteenth Century. London: Longman, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300283082"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","volume-title":"Sermons","author":"Blair Hugh.","year":"1777","unstructured":"Blair, Hugh. \u201cSermon XV: On the Motives to Constancy in Virtue.\u201d In Sermons, Vol. 1, 437\u2013469. Edinburgh and London: W. Creech, W. Strahan, and T. Cadell, 1777."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","volume-title":"The Scottish Enlightenment. The Historical Age of the Historical Nations","author":"Broadie Alexander.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Broadie, Alexander. The Scottish Enlightenment. The Historical Age of the Historical Nations. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/swc.1996.2.2.204"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire","author":"Brown Stewart J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brown, Stewart J. \u201cWilliam Robertson (1721\u20131793) and the Scottish Enlightenment.\u201d In William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire, edited by Stewart J. Brown, 7\u201335. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/E0036924109000870"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13558-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","volume-title":"Man-Devil. The Mind and Times of Bernard Mandeville, the Wickedest Man in Europe","author":"Callanan John.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Callanan, John. Man-Devil. The Mind and Times of Bernard Mandeville, the Wickedest Man in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"200","volume-title":"In Scotland in the Age of Improvement","author":"Clark Ian D. L.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Clark, Ian D. L. \u201cFrom Protest to Reaction: the Moderate Regime in the Church of Scotland, 1752\u20131805.\u201d In In Scotland in the Age of Improvement, edited by R. Mitchison, and N. Phillipson, 200\u2013224. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/9780198916314.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199268979.003.0003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"Mandeville\u2019s Fable: Pride, Hypocrisy, and Sociability","author":"Douglass Robin.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Douglass, Robin. Mandeville\u2019s Fable: Pride, Hypocrisy, and Sociability. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226184500.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479244313000206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","volume-title":"An Essay on the History of Civil Society","author":"Ferguson Adam.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"Theses philosophicae","author":"Forrester Thomas.","year":"1704","unstructured":"Forrester, Thomas. Theses philosophicae. Edinburgh: Andrew Symson, 1704."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520408715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Hume on Race and National Character","volume":"2","author":"Garrett Aaron.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garrett, Aaron. \u201cHume on Race and National Character.\u201d Eighteenth-Century Thought 2 (2004): 127\u2013152.","journal-title":"Eighteenth-Century Thought"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","volume-title":"The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic","author":"Gerbi Antonello.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gerbi, Antonello. The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511521447.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/385720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","volume-title":"Essays Moral, Political, and Literary","author":"Hume David.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hume, David. In Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"Dialogues concerning Natural Religion and the Natural History of Religion","author":"Hume David.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hume, David. In Dialogues concerning Natural Religion and the Natural History of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","volume-title":"Treatise of Human Nature","author":"Hume David.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hume, David. Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511584749"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022046904009996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137371720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","volume-title":"The Wisdom of God in the Gospel Revelation","author":"Leechman William.","year":"1758","unstructured":"Leechman, William. The Wisdom of God in the Gospel Revelation. Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour, and Neill, 1758."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","first-page":"196","volume-title":"William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire","author":"Lenman Bruce P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lenman, Bruce P. \u201cFrom Savage to Scot\u201d via the French and Spaniards: Principal Robertson\u2019s Spanish sources.\u201d In William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire, edited by Stewart J. Brown, 196\u2013209. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"The Battle of the Books. History and Literature in the Augustan Age","author":"Levine Joseph.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Levine, Joseph. The Battle of the Books. History and Literature in the Augustan Age. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","volume-title":"An Essay concerning Human Understanding","author":"Locke John.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Locke, John. An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199268979.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674075269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","volume-title":"Naturzustand und Naturgeschichte der b\u00fcrgerlichen Gesellschaft: die Urspr\u00fcnge der b\u00fcrgerlichen Sozialtheorie als Geschichtsphilosophie bei Samuel Pufendorf, John Locke, und Adam Smith","author":"Medick Hans.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Medick, Hans. Naturzustand und Naturgeschichte der b\u00fcrgerlichen Gesellschaft: die Urspr\u00fcnge der b\u00fcrgerlichen Sozialtheorie als Geschichtsphilosophie bei Samuel Pufendorf, John Locke, und Adam Smith. G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1973."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","volume-title":"Social Science and the Ignoble Savage","author":"Meek Ronald.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Meek, Ronald. Social Science and the Ignoble Savage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511519079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/palm17516"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire","author":"Phillipson Nicholas.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Phillipson, Nicholas. \u201cProvidence and Progress: An Introduction to the Historical Thought of William Robertson.\u201d In William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire, edited by S. J. Brown, 55\u201373. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","volume-title":"Barbarism and Religion. Vol. 5: The First Triumph","author":"Pocock J. G. A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pocock, J. G. A. Barbarism and Religion. Vol. 5: The First Triumph. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","volume-title":"Tractatus de Immortalitate Animae","author":"Pomponazzi Pietro.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Pomponazzi, Pietro. Tractatus de Immortalitate Animae. Bologna: Nanni e Fiammenghi, 1954."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","volume-title":"Flesh in the Age of Reason","author":"Porter Roy.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Porter, Roy. Flesh in the Age of Reason. London: Allen Lane, 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674418394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","volume-title":"The Situation of the World at the Time of Christ\u2019s Appearance, and its Connexion with the Success of his Religion, considered","author":"Robertson William.","year":"1755","unstructured":"Robertson, William. The Situation of the World at the Time of Christ\u2019s Appearance, and its Connexion with the Success of his Religion, considered. Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour, and Neill, 1755."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","volume-title":"The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V [1792]","author":"Robertson William.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robertson, William. The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V [1792]. London: Routledge\/Thoemmes, 1996."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","volume-title":"Miscellaneous Works and Commentaries","author":"Robertson William.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robertson, William. Miscellaneous Works and Commentaries. London: Routledge\/Thoemmes, 1996."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","first-page":"335","volume-title":"The Scottish Enlightenment. Essays in Reinterpretation","author":"Ross Ian Simpson.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ross, Ian Simpson. \u201cThe Natural Theology of Lord Kames.\u201d In The Scottish Enlightenment. Essays in Reinterpretation, edited by Paul Wood, 335\u2013351. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","volume-title":"The Discourses and other Early Political Writings","author":"Rousseau Jean-Jacques.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Discourses and other Early Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","volume-title":"Women, Gender, and Enlightenment, 1650\u20131850","author":"Sebastiani Silvia.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sebastiani, Silvia. \u201c\u2018Race\u2019, Women and progress in the Scottish Enlightenment.\u201d In Women, Gender, and Enlightenment, 1650\u20131850, edited by B. Taylor, and Sarah Knott, 75\u201396. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137069795"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","volume-title":"Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment","author":"Sher Richard.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sher, Richard. Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1985."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","volume-title":"The Enlightenment and the Book. Scottish Authors and their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland and America","author":"Sher Richard.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sher, Richard. The Enlightenment and the Book. Scottish Authors and their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland and America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","volume-title":"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations","author":"Smith Adam.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","volume-title":"Lectures on Jurisprudence","author":"Smith Adam.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Smith, Adam. Lectures on Jurisprudence. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","volume-title":"Theses philosophicae","author":"Smith William.","year":"1700","unstructured":"Smith, William. Theses philosophicae. Aberdeen: John Forbes, 1700."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","volume-title":"The Life of William Robertson. Minister, Historian, and Principal","author":"Smitten Jeffrey R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smitten, Jeffrey R. The Life of William Robertson. Minister, Historian, and Principal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300159424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Adam Smith, Essays on Philosophical Subjects","author":"Stewart Dugald.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stewart, Dugald. \u201cAccount of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, L.L.D.\u201d In Adam Smith, Essays on Philosophical Subjects, edited by W. P. D. Wightman, and J. C. Bryce, 263\u2013351. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1982."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","volume-title":"The Invention of Inequality","author":"Stuurman Siep.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stuurman, Siep. The Invention of Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","volume-title":"On Human Diversity. Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought","author":"Todorov Tzvetan.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Todorov, Tzvetan. On Human Diversity. Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought. Translated by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","volume-title":"An Historical Disquisition of the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India [1794]","author":"William Robertson.","year":"1996","unstructured":"William, Robertson. An Historical Disquisition of the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India [1794]. London: Routledge\/Thoemmes, 1996."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","volume-title":"The Two Intellectual Worlds of John Locke. Man, Person, and Spirits in the \u2018Essay\u2019","author":"Yolton John.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yolton, John. The Two Intellectual Worlds of John Locke. Man, Person, and Spirits in the \u2018Essay\u2019. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004."}],"container-title":["History of European Ideas"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:07:28Z","timestamp":1791464848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01916599.2026.2650751","relation":{},"ISSN":["0191-6599","1873-541X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0191-6599","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-541X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rhei20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rhei20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}