{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:36:02Z","timestamp":1757705762758},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Review of African Political Economy","issue":"143","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming for regime transformation, post-transition Angolan civil society activism moved from reformism and confrontationism to ultra-confrontationism. Reformism and confrontationism evolved until the 2008 elections, influenced by development thinking (neoliberalism\/institutionalism vs neo-Marxism\/world-system thinking), in two opposing strategies: \u2018constructive engagement\u2019 vs political defiance. The dispute ended with ultra-confrontationism gaining impetus with the Arab spring, with a younger generation resorting to new methods (information and communications technology and demonstrations). Despite the lack of funding or international links, the newer methods caused more concern to the regime. Nevertheless, they suffer from the same shortfalls as their predecessors: they are confined to an urban\/suburban social segment, and unable to attract the majority of the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/03056244.2015.1015103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]],"date-time":"2015-03-12T08:34:27Z","timestamp":1426149267000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Angolan civil society activism since the 1990s: reformists, confrontationists and young revolutionaries of the \u2018Arab spring generation\u2019"],"prefix":"10.62191","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"48412","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","volume-title":"Civil Society in Angola: Inroads, Space and Accountability","author":"Amundsen","year":"2006"},{"key":"CIT0002","volume-title":"The Criminalization of the State in Africa","author":"Bayart","year":"1999"},{"key":"CIT0003","volume-title":"2008 Human Rights Report Angola","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0004","first-page":"135","article-title":"\u201cCivil Society, Politics and Poverty Eradication in Angola: Two Perspectives in Confrontation","author":"Calundungo","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0005","first-page":"153","article-title":"\u201cThe Development of Socio-economic Justice and a Nation-state Based on the Respect for the Rule of Law","author":"Castello","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0006","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conclus\u00f5es da Confer\u00eancia Nacional da Sociedade Civil [Conclusions of the CSNC]"},{"key":"CIT0007","volume-title":"II Confer\u00eancia Nacional da Sociedade Civil 2008\/2009 [II CSNC 2008\/2009]","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0008","volume-title":"Quando a guerra \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria e urgente [When War is Necessary and Urgent]","author":"Cruz","year":"2011"},{"key":"CIT0009","volume-title":"The Cotonou Agreement","year":"2000"},{"key":"CIT0010","volume-title":"The Cotonou Agreement","year":"2005"},{"key":"CIT0011","first-page":"143","article-title":"Democratisation and Civil Society in Angola.","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0012","volume-title":"Empowerment, the Politics of Alternative Development","author":"Friedman","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0013","first-page":"109","article-title":"Civil Society and Political Power.","author":"Macedo","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0014","article-title":"Cronologia das Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es [Chronology of Demonstrations]","author":"Marques","year":"2013"},{"key":"CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4000\/lusotopie.104","article-title":"Angola : les voies de l'ethnisation et de la d\u00e9composition - II - Transition \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie ou marche \u00e0 la guerre ? 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