{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:25:27Z","timestamp":1775697927401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"National Funds of the FCT \u2013 Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/03182\/2020 and UIDB\/00661\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/03182\/2020 and UIDB\/00661\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Further and Higher Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/0309877x.2020.1860205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T12:03:17Z","timestamp":1610020997000},"page":"1325-1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Opinion expression on hazing: has the Spiral of Silence reached the Portuguese higher education?"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade da Beira Interior","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6822-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Aguiar-Conraria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Minho","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Uma genealogia da espiral do sil\u00eancio: a express\u00e3o da opini\u00e3o sobre as praxes acad\u00e9micas","author":"Alexandre J. C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexandre, J. C. 2018. Uma genealogia da espiral do sil\u00eancio: a express\u00e3o da opini\u00e3o sobre as praxes acad\u00e9micas. Covilh\u00e3: LabCom IFP, Universidade da Beira Interior."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Bauer R. B. Y. C. S. Nunes M. J. Martins M. Mendes S. P. Botelho and O. Silva. 2015. \u201cAbout Hazing in Higher Education.\u201d European Scientific Journal (Aug): 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2013.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"795","article-title":"Costumes estudantis de Coimbra no s\u00e9culo XIX: tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o institucional","volume":"15","author":"Cruzeiro M. E.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cruzeiro, M. E. 1979. \u201cCostumes estudantis de Coimbra no s\u00e9culo XIX: tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o institucional.\u201d An\u00e1lise Social 15: 795\u2013838.","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2012.722198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00131881.2013.874144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515619748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2002.32649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/297808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Political Communication Yearbook 1984","author":"Glynn C. J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Glynn, C. J., and J. M. McLeod. 1985. \u201cImplications of the Spiral of Silence Theory for Communication and Public Opinion Research.\u201d In Political Communication Yearbook 1984, edited by K. Sanders, L. L. Kaid, and D. Nimmo, 43\u201365. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/9.3.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2007.00368.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650207313159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Lang K. 2014. \u201cOpinion Expression on Social Networking Sites -testing an Adapted Spiral of Silence Model for Political Discussion on Facebook.\u201d Doctoral Dissertation University of Miami."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2014.885536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Communication Yearbook 6","author":"McCroskey J. C.","year":"1983","unstructured":"McCroskey, J. C. 1983. \u201cOral Communication Apprehension. A Reconceptualization.\u201d In Communication Yearbook 6, edited by M. Burgoon, 136\u2013170. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence and Communication Apprehension","author":"McCroskey J. C.","year":"1984","unstructured":"McCroskey, J. C. 1984. \u201cThe Communication Apprehension Perspective.\u201d In Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence and Communication Apprehension, edited by J. A. Daly and J. C. McCroskey, 13\u201318. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Communication Apprehension: What Have We Learned in the Last Four Decades","volume":"12","author":"McCroskey J. C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCroskey, J. C. 2009. \u201cCommunication Apprehension: What Have We Learned in the Last Four Decades.\u201d Human Communication 12 (2): 157\u2013172.","journal-title":"Human Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"Obedience to Authority","author":"Milgram S.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Milgram, S. 1974. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper and Row."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769900107800102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215623837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650204269388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2007.00352.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/268371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"The Spiral of Silence. Public Opinion \u2013 Our Social Skin","author":"Noelle-Neumann E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Noelle-Neumann, E. 1993. The Spiral of Silence. Public Opinion \u2013 Our Social Skin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Handbook of Political Communication Research","author":"Noelle-Neumann E.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Noelle-Neumann, E., and T. Peterson. 2004. \u201cThe Spiral of Silence and the Social Nature of Man.\u201d In Handbook of Political Communication Research, edited by L. E. Kaid, 339\u2013356. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14195\/2183-8925_15_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1484363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","unstructured":"Ribeiro R. M. 2000. \u201cAs li\u00e7\u00f5es dos aprendizes: as praxes acad\u00e9micas na Universidade do Minho.\u201d Master Dissertation Universidade do Minho Braga Portugal."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909006700312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848607910.n17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/12.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327825mcs0704_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Fear of Social Isolation: Testing an Assumption from the Spiral of Silence","volume":"8","author":"Shoemaker P. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shoemaker, P. J., M. Breen, and M. Stamper. 2000. \u201cFear of Social Isolation: Testing an Assumption from the Spiral of Silence.\u201d Irish Communications Review 8: 65\u201378.","journal-title":"Irish Communications Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2010.01533.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Further and Higher Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/0309877X.2020.1860205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T23:05:54Z","timestamp":1770937554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0309877X.2020.1860205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/0309877X.2020.1860205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0309877x.2020.1860205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0309-877X","1469-9486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0309-877X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-9486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=cjfh20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=cjfh20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-02-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}