{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:30:15Z","timestamp":1773235815168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":393,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:bold>. This paper provides an overview of the historical development, current situation and potential future diffusion of methamphetamine (MA) use in Europe. <jats:bold>Design and Methods<\/jats:bold>. The analysis is based on a review of published and grey literature, as well as data collected as part of the ongoing monitoring of the drug situation in Europe. Some qualitative surveys among high\u2010risk populations do exist, but overall the general low prevalence of methamphetamine use in most of Europe means that the data available to explore patterns of use are limited. <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>. In many parts of Europe, amphetamine use is well established and the injecting of amphetamines has historically constituted an important component of the drug problem in many Nordic countries. Methamphetamine problems are long documented in the Czech and Slovak republics, but there is no current evidence of widespread use of MA elsewhere in Europe. Concern that MA use is spreading in Europe is prompted by some reports of use among high\u2010risk groups. However, the evidence available suggests that even in high\u2010risk populations, the use of MA currently remains uncommon. Europe accounted for less than 1% of worldwide MA seizures in 2005, and over the period 2004\u201305 European ephedrine seizures amounted for 6% of the global figure. <jats:bold>Discussion<\/jats:bold>. The spread of MA use is limited and no strong evidence exists that significant diffusion is occurring. It appears likely that methamphetamine diffusion in Europe is impeded by a strong market for other stimulant drugs [cocaine, amphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)]. The future potential for the diffusion of MA may be influenced by factors such as: the relative availability and popularity of other drugs; possible \u2018leakage\u2019 from areas of historical high prevalence; travel by young Europeans to areas of high prevalence; and how users perceive MA as a desirable, suitable and cost\u2010effective alternative to other stimulants available on the European illicit drug market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801932588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]],"date-time":"2008-03-26T19:23:57Z","timestamp":1206559437000},"page":"236-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Quite a lot of smoke but very limited fire\u2014the use of methamphetamine in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"PAUL","family":"GRIFFITHS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"VIKTOR","family":"MRAVCIK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"DOMINIQUE","family":"LOPEZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"DANICA","family":"KLEMPOVA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Annual report 2007: the state of the drug problem in Europe","author":"European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"EMCDDA Drug Profiles. Available at:http:www.emcdda.europa.eu\/index.cfm?nnodeid=25328 (accessed 15 February 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"Advisory Council on the misuse of drugs. Methylamphetamine review technical report. Advisory council on the misuse of drugs 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"UlrichA.Hitler's drugged soldier in Spiegel online. Available at:http:www.spiegel.deinternational0 1518 354606 00.html(accessed 15 February 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"468","article-title":"Fritz Hauschild (1908\u20131974) and drug research in the \u2018German Democratic Republic\u2019 (GDR)","volume":"60","author":"Meyer U.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.109.1.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1951.tb01350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01567059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Methedrine (desoxyephedrine) in the treatment of neurosis: 25 cases","volume":"27","author":"Maclay DT.","year":"1953","journal-title":"South Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","volume-title":"Waiting for the man: the story of drugs and popular music","author":"Shapiro H.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5659.715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence (ACDD).The amphetamines and lysergic acid diethylamide \u2018LSD\u2019. Report by the ACDD 1970."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"751","article-title":"Constitution of ephedrine\u2013desoxyephedrine","volume":"451","author":"Ogata A.","year":"1919","journal-title":"J Pharm Soc Jpn"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","volume-title":"Principal author","author":"No\u017eina M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Prevalen\u010dn\u00ed odhady probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f drog v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice\u2014souhrnn\u00fd\u010dl\u00e1nek [Prevalence estimates of problem drug users in the Czech republic\u2014summary]","volume":"5","author":"Mrav\u010d\u00edk V.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adiktologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","unstructured":"\u00dastav zdravotnick\u00fdch informac\u00ed a statistiky \u010cR. V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed o zdravotn\u00edm stavu a \u017eivotn\u00edm stylu obyvatel \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed drog [Sample survey of the health status and life style of the population in the Czech Republic focused on drug abuse]. Praha: \u00dastav zdravotnick\u00fdch informac\u00ed a statistiky \u010cR 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Evropsk\u00e1\u0161koln\u00ed studie o alkoholu a jin\u00fdch drog\u00e1ch (ESPAD). Vysledky pr\u016fzkumu v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice v roce 2003 [ESPAD\u2014results in the Czech Republic in 2003]","author":"Cs\u00e9my L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","volume-title":"Neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomika v \u010cR 2003 [Czech illegal economy in 2003]","author":"Vopravil J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Spot\u0159eba drog probl\u00e9mov\u00fdmi u\u017eivateli [Consumption of illicit drugs by problem users]","volume":"5","author":"Petro\u0161 O.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adiktologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","volume-title":"Annual report\u2014the Czech Republic 2005 drug situation","author":"Mrav\u010d\u00edk V.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000092117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260703700109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","volume-title":"V\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va \u010cR 2005\u2014Incidence, prevalence, zdravotn\u00ed dopady a trendy l\u00e9\u010den\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f drog [Annual report 2005\u2014incidence, prevalence, health consequences and trends of treated drug users]","author":"Polanecky V.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).EMCDDA drug profiles. Methamphetamine. Available at:http:www.emcdda.europa.euindex.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content&nnodeid=25480&sLanguageiso=EN (accessed 15 February 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","volume-title":"Annual report 2006: the state of the drug problem in Europe","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/58c4f2e4-en","volume-title":"2007 World drug report","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.Statistical Bulletin 2007 on line resource to access EMCDDA tables and graphs about the drug situation. Available at:http:www.emcdda.europa.euhtml.cfmindex34943EN.html(accessed 15 February 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","volume-title":"Drugs Update, Issue 38, January\u2013March 2007","author":"Forensic Science Service (UK), Forensic Intelligence Bureau: Drugs Intelligence Unit","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","unstructured":"Slovak National Focal Point.Slovak Republic new development trends and in\u2010depth information on selected issues. National Report to the EMCDDA 2005. Available athttp:www.emcdda.europa.euindex.cfm?fuseaction=public.content&nNodelID=435 (accessed 15 February 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","volume-title":"Tanec a drogy 2000 a 2003 [Dance and drugs 2000 and 2003]","author":"Kub\u016f P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.001127.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","volume-title":"Consuming passions, findings from the UK Gay Men's sex survey 2005","author":"Hickson F.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01571.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080009148423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","volume-title":"Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9mergents li\u00e9s aux drogues, 7\u00e8me rapport national du dispositif TREND","author":"Cadet\u2010Ta\u00efrou A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00394.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94710439.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Smokable and non smokable amphetamine type stimulants: clinical pharmacological and epidemiological issues with special reference to UK","volume":"43","author":"Schifano F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1080%2F09595230801932588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1080%2F09595230801932588","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09595230801932588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T19:08:11Z","timestamp":1699988891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1080\/09595230801932588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/09595230801932588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595230801932588","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-05-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}