{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:37:19Z","timestamp":1765960639071},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,17]],"date-time":"2010-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1282003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The assessment of blood lactate concentration is considered essential for the physiological diagnosis of swimming performance. But for a more detailed and complete analysis of a swimmer's strengths and weaknesses, it is also important to examine his or her technical characteristics. However, few studies have combined physiological and technical evaluation in child swimmers. The aim of the present study was to assess the metabolic anaerobic threshold (blood lactate concentration and corresponding swimming velocity) of 10\u2010 to 11\u2010year\u2010old swimmers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=15) using an individualized intermittent incremental protocol. Comparison was made with the traditionally used 4\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> lactate threshold. In addition, stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index were measured throughout the experimental protocol for assessment of the anaerobic threshold. Each swimmer performed a front crawl 5\u00d7200\u00a0m test, in which the swimming velocity was controlled by an acoustic signal each 50\u00a0m. Blood samples were collected from the ear lobe (Lactate Pro, Arkay, Inc., Kyoto, Japan), at rest and after each step. Stroke rate was registered by a Seiko base 3 chronofrequencemeter; stroke length, stroke index, and velocity were calculated at the end of each 200\u00a0m. The individual anaerobic threshold occurred at 2.3\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>=0.59), and the corresponding velocity was 1.026\u00a0m \u00b7 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>=0.053), much lower than the traditionally used 4\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> value (or even 3.5\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The velocity corresponding to 4\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 3.5\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> was 1.081\u00a0m \u00b7 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>=0.056) and 1.067\u00a0m \u00b7 s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>=0.055), respectively. Stroke rate increased and stroke length decreased throughout the incremental protocol (i.e. with increasing velocity). The stroke index showed a tendency to increase throughout the protocol, with a significant difference from the first to the second step. The velocity corresponding to 4\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (and 3.5\u00a0mmol \u00b7 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) does not represent the metabolic individual anaerobic threshold in trained swimmers, independently of their age, and age\u2010group swimmers prefer to increase their velocity through an increase in stroke rate. Thus, given the importance of developing swimming technique in age\u2010group swimmers, coaches should implement the lengthening of swimmers' stroke cycles in their training practice routines, so that they limit the effects of reduced stroke length when velocity increases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390903567825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]],"date-time":"2010-08-18T14:17:04Z","timestamp":1282141024000},"page":"311-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of individual anaerobic threshold and stroking parameters in swimmers aged 10\u201311 years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport Faculty of Sport University of Porto Porto"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport Faculty of Sport University of Porto Porto"}]},{"given":"Armindo","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futebol Clube do Porto Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futebol Clube do Porto Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport Faculty of Sport University of Porto Porto"}]},{"given":"J. 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