{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:03:10Z","timestamp":1761919390554},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,6]],"date-time":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2927,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in individuals\u2019 sleep\u2010wake cycles lead to negative side effects. This review considers how side effects can be reduced, the recommendations being based largely on work performed at our institute. Subjects journeying to Aus\u2010tralia had symptoms of jet lag that did not adjust synchronously, and the best predictors of jet lag were their travel arrangements. The value of melatonin in reducing jet lag was not confirmed but, in a laboratory\u2010based study, evening administration of melatonin did not result in worse performance the next morn\u2010ing. The effects of exercise upon the phase of the body clock were insubstantial. Gut temperature, unlike insulated axilla temperature, was an acceptable substi\u2010tute for rectal temperature. Ascertaining by questionnaire why people ate or did not eat at a particular time indicated that night work exerted a considerable disruptive influence, one of the main factors being time pressure. Compared with day workers, night workers had less appetite, ate cold rather than hot meals, and felt more bloated after a meal. Actimetry provided objective measures of the adjustment of the sleep\u2010wake cycle to time\u2010zone transitions and to night work. These measures could be applied to data from long\u2010haul pilots, in whom there are both time\u2010zone transitions and night work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2002.10142573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,7]],"date-time":"2010-12-07T14:28:18Z","timestamp":1291732098000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Circadian rhythms, jet lag, and shift work, with particular reference to athletes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Waterhouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 2ET UK"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 2ET UK"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho\u2010bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 2ET UK"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 2ET UK"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 2ET UK"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93010-2_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529409057249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Circadian clocks and their adjustment","author":"Chadwick D.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300750003934"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102320219437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-120004227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"B10","article-title":"International cooperative study of aircrew layover sleep; operational summary","volume":"57","author":"Graeber R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-0792(99)90004-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Phase shifts of the human circadian system and performance deficit during the periods of transition: III. 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