{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:55:07Z","timestamp":1777089307385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Rugby"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study quantified and compared the collision and non\u2010collision match characteristics across age categories (i.e. U12, U14, U16, U18, Senior) for both amateur and elite playing standards from Tier 1 rugby union nations (i.e. England, South Africa, New Zealand). Two\u2010hundred and one male matches (5911\u2005min ball\u2010in\u2010play) were coded using computerised notational analysis, including 193,708\u00a0match characteristics (e.g. 83,688 collisions, 33,052 tackles, 13,299 rucks, 1006\u00a0mauls, 2681 scrums, 2923 lineouts, 44,879 passes, 5568 kicks). Generalised linear mixed models with <jats:italic>post\u2010hoc<\/jats:italic> comparisons and cluster analysis compared the match characteristics by age category and playing standard. Overall significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) between age category and playing standard were found for the frequency of match characteristics, and tackle and ruck activity. The frequency of characteristics increased with age category and playing standard except for scrums and tries that were the lowest at the senior level. For the tackle, the percentage of successful tackles, frequency of active shoulder, sequential and simultaneous tackles increased with age and playing standard. For ruck activity, the number of attackers and defenders were lower in U18 and senior than younger age categories. Cluster analysis demonstrated clear differences in all and collision match characteristics and activity by age category and playing standard. These findings provide the most comprehensive quantification and comparison of collision and non\u2010collision activity in rugby union demonstrating increased frequency and type of collision activity with increasing age and playing standard. These findings have implications for policy to ensure the safe development of rugby union players throughout the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2160938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T20:23:41Z","timestamp":1676838221000},"page":"1131-1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A global perspective on collision and non\u2010collision match characteristics in male rugby union: Comparisons by age and playing standard"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Till","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK"},{"name":"Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club Leeds UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharief","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK"},{"name":"Division of Physiological Sciences Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Scantlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK"},{"name":"England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League Red Hall Leeds UK"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Dalton\u2010Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK"},{"name":"Football Association London UK"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health, Engineering, Computing &amp; 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