{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T15:00:11Z","timestamp":1751468411535,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Language & History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/17597536.2021.1996084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T16:10:50Z","timestamp":1639325450000},"page":"137-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral skills versus structural knowledge: the Reform Movement and the Grammar-Translation Method"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Friederike","family":"Klippel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English and American Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4389-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Kemmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos em Letras, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"cit0001","first-page":"81","volume":"16","author":"Almstedt Hermann","year":"1915","journal-title":"Monatshefte f\u00fcr Deutsche Sprache und P\u00e4dagogik: A Monthly Devoted to the Study of German Pedagogy"},{"key":"cit0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1017\/CCOL9780521860543.014","volume-title":"The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rhetoric","author":"Batstone William","year":"2009"},{"issue":"227","key":"cit0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ns-9.227S.572","volume":"9","author":"Carpenter W[illia]m H[enry]","year":"1887","journal-title":"Science"},{"volume-title":"M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes","year":"1856","author":"Cicero Marcus Tullius","key":"cit0004"},{"key":"cit0005","first-page":"30","volume":"1923","author":"Cooper W[illia]m A[lpha]","year":"1923","journal-title":"Monatshefte f\u00fcr Deutsche Sprache und P\u00e4dagogik: A Monthly Devoted to the Study of German Pedagogy, Jahrbuch"},{"issue":"6","key":"cit0006","first-page":"295","volume":"4","author":"Escher Erwin","year":"1920","journal-title":"The Modern Language Journal"},{"volume-title":"Die praktische Spracherlernung, auf Grund der Psychologie und der Physiologie der Sprache dargestellt","year":"1884","author":"Franke Felix","key":"cit0007"},{"volume-title":"Evolution de l\u2019enseignement des langues, 5000 ans d\u2019histoire","year":"1993","author":"Germain Claude","key":"cit0008"},{"key":"cit0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110881158"},{"volume-title":"Die Fremdsprache Deutsch im Zeitalter der Aufkl\u00e4rung, der Klassik und der Romantik: Grundz\u00fcge der deutschen Sprachgeschichte in Europa","year":"2013","author":"Gl\u00fcck Helmut","key":"cit0010"},{"key":"cit0011","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Metzler Lexikon Fremdsprachendidaktik: Ans\u00e4tze \u2013 Methoden \u2013 Grundbegriffe","author":"Gr\u00fcnewald Andreas","year":"2010"},{"key":"cit0012","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Handschin Charles Hart","year":"1908","journal-title":"The Miami Bulletin: Series VII"},{"issue":"3","key":"cit0013","first-page":"70","volume":"20","author":"Handschin Charles Hart","year":"1912","journal-title":"The School Review"},{"volume-title":"The Teaching of Modern Languages in the United States","year":"1913","author":"Handschin Charles Hart","key":"cit0014"},{"issue":"5","key":"cit0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4781.1920.tb03498.x","volume":"4","author":"Handschin Charles Hart","year":"1920","journal-title":"The Modern Language Journal"},{"volume-title":"Wie erlernt man fremde Sprachen? Winke f\u00fcr den Selbstunterricht, Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Methodik des Studiums fremder Sprachen f\u00fcr praktische Zwecke","year":"1885","author":"Heims Wilhelm","key":"cit0016"},{"volume-title":"Der Leitfaden: F\u00fcr den Unterricht in der De\u00fctschen Sprache, ohne Sprachlehre und W\u00f6rterbuch, mit einer Englischen Einleitung \u00fcber die Lehrmethode der Schule Moderner Sprachen in Boston","year":"1876","author":"Heness Gottlieb","key":"cit0017"},{"key":"cit0018","volume-title":"A History of English Language Teaching","author":"Howatt, A[nthony] P[hilip] R[eid], and H[enry] G[eorge] Widdowson","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"cit0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1759753614Z.00000000028"},{"key":"cit0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198237969.001.0001","volume-title":"English Dictionaries 800-1700. The Topical Tradition","author":"H\u00fcllen Werner","year":"1999"},{"volume-title":"Kleine Geschichte des Fremdsprachenlernens","year":"2005","author":"H\u00fcllen Werner","key":"cit0021"},{"key":"cit0022","first-page":"765","volume-title":"Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning","author":"H\u00fcllen Werner","year":"2013"},{"volume-title":"Romanische Philologie im 19. und fr\u00fchen 20. Jahrhundert: Institutionsgeschichtliche Perspektiven","year":"2010","author":"Kalkhoff Alexander M.","key":"cit0023"},{"volume-title":"25 Centuries of Language Teaching","year":"1976","author":"Kelly Louis G[erard]","key":"cit0024"},{"volume-title":"Die fr\u00fchesten portugiesischen Deutschlehrwerke (1863-1926)","year":"2019","author":"Kemmler Rolf","key":"cit0025"},{"volume-title":"Die \u2018Grammatik-\u00dcbersetzungsmethode\u2019 in den \u00e4ltesten portugiesischen Deutschlehrwerken","year":"2019","author":"Kemmler Rolf","key":"cit0026"},{"key":"cit0027","first-page":"21","volume-title":"The History of Language Learning and Teaching: Volume II. 19th-20th Century Europe","author":"Kirk Sandra","year":"2018"},{"volume-title":"Ein Jahr Erfahrungen mit der neuen Methode: Bericht \u00fcber den unterricht mit einer englischen anf\u00e4ngerklasse im schuljahre 1887\/88, Zugleich eine anleitung f\u00fcr j\u00fcngere fachgenossen","year":"1888","author":"Klinghardt Hermann","key":"cit0028"},{"volume-title":"Drei weitere Jahre Erfahrungen mit der imitativen Methode (Obertertia bis Obersecunda)","year":"1892","author":"Klinghardt Hermann","key":"cit0029"},{"volume-title":"Englischlernen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Die Geschichte der Lehrb\u00fccher und Unterrichtsmethoden","year":"1994","author":"Klippel Friederike","key":"cit0030"},{"issue":"1","key":"cit0031","first-page":"63","volume":"31","author":"Klippel Friederike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Fremdsprachenforschung"},{"volume-title":"Eine Kulturgeschichte des Franz\u00f6sischunterrichts in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit: Franz\u00f6sischlernen am F\u00fcrstenhof, auf dem Marktplatz und in der Schule in Deutschland","year":"2014","author":"Kuhfu\u00df Walter","key":"cit0032"},{"volume-title":"La langue allemande en France: P\u00e9n\u00e9tration et diffusion des origines \u00e0 nos jours. Tome I. Des origines \u00e0 1830","year":"1950","author":"L\u00e9vy Paul","key":"cit0033"},{"volume-title":"La langue allemande en France: P\u00e9n\u00e9tration et diffusion des origines \u00e0 nos jours. Tome II. De 1830 \u00e0 nos jours","year":"1952","author":"L\u00e9vy Paul","key":"cit0034"},{"volume-title":"The History of English Language Teaching and Learning in Spain: 1769-1970","year":"2019","author":"Lombardero Caparr\u00f3s Alberto","key":"cit0035"},{"volume-title":"A Foundation Course for Language Teachers","year":"1991","author":"McArthur Tom","key":"cit0036"},{"key":"cit0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315624853"},{"key":"cit0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110214246.1.79","volume-title":"Handbook of Foreign Language Communication and Learning","author":"Mitchell Rosamond","year":"2009"},{"volume-title":"Modernism in Language Teaching: Ten Essays","year":"1925","author":"Moore H[arry] E[dgar]","key":"cit0039"},{"volume-title":"The French Language in Russia. A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History","year":"2018","author":"Offord Derek","key":"cit0040"},{"issue":"8","key":"cit0041","first-page":"528","volume":"18","author":"Peters Mary Olga","year":"1934","journal-title":"The Modern Language Journal"},{"key":"cit0042","first-page":"55","volume":"16","author":"Powers H[arry] H[untington]","year":"1886","journal-title":"Wisconsin Journal of Education: Organ of the State Teachers\u2019 Association and of the Department of Public Instruction"},{"volume-title":"Das Bild im Fremdsprachenunterricht: Eine Geschichte der visuellen Medien am Beispiel des Franz\u00f6sischunterrichts","year":"1992","author":"Reinfried Markus","key":"cit0043"},{"key":"cit0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226518855.001.0001"},{"issue":"15","key":"cit0045","first-page":"49","volume":"5","author":"Rosendahl Emil","year":"1903","journal-title":"Neuphilologische Mitteilungen"},{"volume-title":"Medien im neusprachlichen Unterricht seit 1880. Eine Grundlegung der Anschauungsmethode und der auditiven Methode unter entwicklungsgeschichtlichem Aspekt","year":"1977","author":"Schilder Hanno","key":"cit0046"},{"key":"cit0047","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Schlenker Carl","year":"1916","journal-title":"Current Problems"},{"volume-title":"Die Entwicklung des Englischunterrichts an den deutschsprachigen Universit\u00e4ten bis zum Jahre 1850: Mit einer Analyse zur Verbreitung und Stellung des Englischen als Schulfach an den deutschen h\u00f6heren Schulen im Zeitalter des Neuhumanismus","year":"1969","author":"Schr\u00f6der Konrad","key":"cit0048"},{"key":"cit0049","unstructured":"Siefert, Thomas Raymond. 2013. \u201cTranslation in Foreign Language Pedagogy: The Rise and Fall of the Grammar Translation Method\u201d, Ph. D. dissertation, Cambridge, Harvard University, Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures. nrs.harvard.edu\/urn-3: HUL.InstRepos:10952296 (last accessed 8 September 2021)."},{"volume-title":"The History of Grammar in Foreign Language Teaching","year":"2021","author":"Simon Coffey","key":"cit0050"},{"volume-title":"Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching","year":"1983","author":"Stern H[ans] H[einrich]","key":"cit0051"},{"volume-title":"A Handbook of Phonetics, Including A Popular Exposition of the Principles of Spelling Reform","year":"1877","author":"Sweet Henry","key":"cit0052"},{"volume-title":"Teaching Foreign Languages: An Historical Sketch","year":"1968","author":"Titone Renzo","key":"cit0053"},{"key":"cit0054","first-page":"83","volume":"10","author":"Vermes Albert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eger Journal of English Studies"},{"volume-title":"Der Sprachunterricht muss umkehren! Ein Beitrag zur \u00dcberb\u00fcrdungsfrage von Quousque Tandem","year":"1882","author":"[Vi\u00ebtor, Wilhelm]","key":"cit0055"},{"volume-title":"Der Sprachunterricht muss umkehren! Ein Beitrag zur \u00dcberb\u00fcrdungsfrage von Quousque Tandem (Wilhelm Vi\u00ebtor)","year":"1886","author":"Vi\u00ebtor Wilhelm","key":"cit0056"},{"volume-title":"Einf\u00fchrung in das Studium der englischen Philologie: Mit R\u00fccksicht auf die Anforderungen der Praxis","year":"1888","author":"Vi\u00ebtor Wilhelm","key":"cit0057"},{"key":"cit0058","first-page":"435","volume":"1","author":"Vi\u00ebtor Wilhelm","year":"1894","journal-title":"Die neueren Sprachen: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr neusprachlichen Unterricht"},{"key":"cit0059","first-page":"508","volume":"3","author":"Vi\u00ebtor Wilhelm","year":"1896","journal-title":"Die neueren Sprachen: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr neusprachlichen Unterricht"},{"volume-title":"Die Methodik des neusprachlichen Unterrichts: Ein geschichtlicher \u00dcberblick in vier Vortr\u00e4gen von Wilhelm Vi\u00ebtor","year":"1902","author":"Vi\u00ebtor Wilhelm","key":"cit0060"},{"volume-title":"Der Sprachunterricht muss umkehren! Ein Beitrag zur \u00dcberb\u00fcrdungsfrage von Quousque Tandem (Wilhelm Vi\u00ebtor","year":"1905","author":"Vi\u00ebtor Wilhelm","key":"cit0061"},{"volume-title":"Die Aufgabe des neusprachlichen Unterrichts und die Vorbildung der Lehrer","year":"1892","author":"Waetzoldt Stephan","key":"cit0062"},{"key":"cit0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203076453"},{"key":"cit0064","unstructured":"Wilhelm, F[ranciscus] A[ntonius]. 2005. \u201cEnglish in the Netherlands: A History of Foreign Language Teaching 1800-1920. With a Bibliography of Textbooks\u201d. PhD dissertation, Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen and Utrecht: Gopher Publishers. repository.ubn.ru.nl\/handle\/2066\/27045 (last access 15 September 2021)."}],"container-title":["Language & History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/17597536.2021.1996084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:09:43Z","timestamp":1699920583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17597536.2021.1996084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/17597536.2021.1996084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17597536.2021.1996084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-7536","1759-7544"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1759-7536"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1759-7544"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ylhi20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ylhi20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2021-12-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}