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The third, outermost cortical layer is an elastic shell under sustained tension. Adhesive, laminin-coated needles caused focal recruitment of actin filaments to the contacted surface region and increased the cortical layer stiffness. This direct visualization of actin recruitment confirms a widely postulated model for mechanical connections between extracellular matrix proteins and the actin cytoskeleton. Cells tethered to laminin-treated needles strongly resisted elongation by actively contracting. Whether using uncoated probes to apply simple deformations or laminin-coated probes to induce surface-to-cytoskeleton interaction we observed that experimentally applied forces produced exclusively local responses by both the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. This local accomodation and dissipation of force is inconsistent with the proposal that cellular tensegrity determines cell shape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.1.109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:45:41Z","timestamp":1027701941000},"page":"109-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Direct Observations of the Mechanical Behaviors of the Cytoskeleton in Living Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1083","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Heidemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland; and \u2021Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1101"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kaech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel 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