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To achieve this, we performed an ultrastructural analysis of mouse optic nerves by serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and confocal time-lapse imaging in the zebrafish spinal cord. We found that myelin undergoes extensive ultrastructural changes during early postnatal development. Myelin degeneration profiles were engulfed and phagocytosed by microglia using exposed phosphatidylserine as one \u201ceat me\u201d signal. In contrast, retractions of entire myelin sheaths occurred independently of microglia and involved uptake of myelin by the oligodendrocyte itself. Our findings show that the generation of myelin early in development is an inaccurate process associated with aberrant ultrastructural features that require substantial refinement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202204010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T02:21:11Z","timestamp":1671675671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Myelination generates aberrant ultrastructure that is resolved by microglia"],"prefix":"10.1083","volume":"222","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-6557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minou","family":"Djannatian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich 1 , Munich, Germany"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043j0f473","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases 2 , Munich, 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