{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:32:58Z","timestamp":1791142378590,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied the pretreatment of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) with purified preparations of the anthrax toxin components--protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF)--and their effects on release of superoxide anion (O-2) after stimulation with the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). PMN isolated in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (less than 0.1 ng\/ml) released only small amounts of O-2 after FMLP stimulation; pretreatment with anthrax toxin had little effect. The release of O-2 was increased fivefold by prior treatment with 3 ng\/ml LPS for 1 h at 37 degrees C, an effect referred to as priming. PMN were primed to an equivalent extent by treatment with 100 ng\/ml N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide [MDP]). Pretreatment of PMN with anthrax toxin components PA plus EF or PA plus LF inhibited priming by LPS or MDP, as shown by the reduction in the release of O-2 up to 90% relative to controls not treated with toxin; single toxin components were inactive. The inhibition was markedly reduced when priming with LPS or MDP was carried out before exposure to toxin. O-2 release after stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate was not increased by priming, and pretreatment with toxin did not inhibit O-2 release after this stimulus. Evidently, anthrax toxin inhibits the priming that is normally induced in PMN by bacterial products and is necessary for the full expression of antimicrobial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.5.1700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,24]],"date-time":"2004-06-24T07:56:10Z","timestamp":1088063770000},"page":"1700-1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Anthrax toxin blocks priming of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide and by muramyl dipeptide."],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"G G","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G L","family":"Mandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,11,1]]},"container-title":["The Journal of experimental medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/164\/5\/1700\/1667098\/1700.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/164\/5\/1700\/1667098\/1700.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T01:04:40Z","timestamp":1690247080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/164\/5\/1700\/23974\/Anthrax-toxin-blocks-priming-of-neutrophils-by"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.164.5.1700","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,11,1]]}}}