{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:55:47Z","timestamp":1770702947755,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes a superantigen (SAg) that promotes stable infection and virus transmission. Upon subcutaneous MMTV injection, infected B cells present SAg to SAg-reactive T cells leading to a strong local immune response in the draining lymph node (LN) that peaks after 6 d. We have used the reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) to dissect in more detail the mechanism of SAg-dependent enhancement of MMTV infection in this system. Our data show that no detectable B or T cell response to SAg occurs in AZT pretreated mice. However, if AZT treatment is delayed 1-2 d after MMTV injection, a normal SAg-dependent local immune response is observed on day 6. Quantitation of viral DNA in draining LN of these infected mice indicates that a 4,000-fold increase in the absolute numbers of infected cells occurs between days 2 and 6 despite the presence of AZT. Furthermore MMTV DNA was found preferentially in surface IgG+ B cells of infected mice and was not detectable in SAg-reactive T cells. Collectively our data suggest that MMTV infection occurs preferentially in B cells without SAg involvement and is completed 1-2 d after virus challenge. Subsequent amplification of MMTV infection between days 2 and 6 requires SAg expression and occurs in the absence of any further requirement for reverse transcription. We therefore conclude that clonal expansion of infected B cells via cognate interaction with SAg-reactive T cells is the predominant mechanism for increasing the level of MMTV infection. Since infected B cells display a memory (surface IgG+) phenotype, both clonal expansion and possibly longevity of the virus carrier cells may contribute to stable MMTV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,24]],"date-time":"2004-06-24T07:56:10Z","timestamp":1088063770000},"page":"2347-2351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Reverse transcriptase-dependent and -independent phases of infection with mouse mammary tumor virus: implications for superantigen function."],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"W","family":"Held","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G A","family":"Waanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Acha-Orbea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H R","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"container-title":["The Journal of experimental medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/180\/6\/2347\/1676546\/2347.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article-pdf\/180\/6\/2347\/1676546\/2347.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T06:33:23Z","timestamp":1690266803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rupress.org\/jem\/article\/180\/6\/2347\/25673\/Reverse-transcriptase-dependent-and-independent"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.180.6.2347","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1007","1540-9538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1007","type":"print"},{"value":"1540-9538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]}}}