{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:25:25Z","timestamp":1792185925120,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We have studied the effect of human bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo) on the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-\u03baB and the transcriptional activation of inflammatory cytokine genes upon infection of epithelial cells. During the course of infection, Ngo, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, adheres to and penetrates mucosal epithelial cells. In vivo, localized gonococcal infections are often associated with a massive inflammatory response. We observed upregulation of several inflammatory cytokine messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and the release of the proteins in Ngo-infected epithelial cells. Moreover, infection with Ngo induced the formation of a NF-\u03baB DNA\u2013protein complex and, with a delay in time, the activation of activator protein 1, whereas basic leucine zipper transcription factors binding to the cAMP-responsive element or CAAT\/enhancer-binding protein DNA-binding sites were not activated. In supershift assays using NF-\u03baB\u2013specific antibodies, we identified a NF-\u03baB p50\/p65 heterodimer. The NF-\u03baB complex was formed within 10 min after infection and decreased 90 min after infection. Synthesis of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and interluekin (IL)-1\u03b2 occurred at later times and therefore did not account for NF-\u03baB activation. An analysis of transiently transfected IL-6 promoter deletion constructs suggests that NF-\u03baB plays a crucial role for the transcriptional activation of the IL-6 promoter upon Ngo infection. Inactivation of NF-\u03baB conferred by the protease inhibitor N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone inhibited mRNA upregulation of most, but not all, studied cyctokine genes. Activation of NF-\u03baB and cytokine mRNA upregulation also occur in Ngo-infected epithelial cells that were treated with cytochalasin D, indicating an extracellular signaling induced before invasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.2.247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:49:30Z","timestamp":1027702170000},"page":"247-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae <\/i>Epithelial Cell Interaction Leads to the Activation of the Transcription Factors Nuclear Factor \u03baB and Activator Protein 1 and the Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Naumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Biologie, 10117 Berlin; and \u2021Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biologie, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silja","family":"We\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Biologie, 10117 Berlin; and \u2021Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biologie, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Biologie, 10117 Berlin; and \u2021Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biologie, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Abteilung Molekulare 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