{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:41:14Z","timestamp":1791312074822,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (HC) class switch recombination (CSR) is a late B cell process that involves intrachromosomal DNA rearrangement. Ku70 and Ku80 form a DNA end-binding complex required for DNA double strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Ku70\u2212\/\u2212 (K70T) mice, like recombination activating gene (RAG)-1\u2013 or RAG-2\u2013deficient (R1T or R2T) mice, have impaired B and T cell development at an early progenitor stage, which is thought to result at least in part from defective V(D)J recombination (Gu, Y., K.J. Seidl, G.A. Rathbun, C. Zhu, J.P. Manis, N. van der Stoep, L. Davidson, H.L. Cheng, J.M. Sekiguchi, K. Frank, et al. 1997. Immunity. 7:653\u2013665; Ouyang, H., A. Nussenzweig, A. Kurimasa, V.C. Soares, X. Li, C. Cordon-Cardo, W. Li, N. Cheong, M. Nussenzweig, G. Iliakis, et al. 1997. J. Exp. Med. 186:921\u2013929). Therefore, to examine the potential role of Ku70 in CSR, we generated K70T mice that carry a germline Ig HC locus in which the JH region was replaced with a functionally rearranged VH(D)JH and Ig \u03bb light chain transgene (referred to as K70T\/HL mice). Previously, we have shown that B cells from R1T or R2T mice carrying these rearranged Ig genes (R1T\/HL or R2T\/HL mice) can undergo CSR to IgG isotypes (Lansford, R., J. Manis, E. Sonoda, K. Rajewsky, and F. Alt. 1998. Int. Immunol. 10:325\u2013332). K70T\/HL mice had significant numbers of peripheral surface IgM+ B cells, which generated serum IgM levels similar to those of R2T\/HL mice. However, in contrast to R2T\/HL mice, K70T\/HL mice had no detectable serum IgG isotypes. In vitro culture of K70T\/HL B cells with agents that induce CSR in normal or R2T\/HL B cells did lead to the induction of germline CH transcripts, indicating that initial signaling pathways for CSR were intact in K70T\/HL cells. However, treatment with such agents did not lead to detectable CSR by K70T\/HL B cells, and instead, led to cell death within 72 h. We conclude that Ku70 is required for the generation of B cells that have undergone Ig HC class switching. Potential roles for Ku70 in the CSR process are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.12.2081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:49:30Z","timestamp":1027702170000},"page":"2081-2089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["Ku70 Is Required for Late B Cell Development and Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Class Switching"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Manis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rusty","family":"Lansford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichiro","family":"Sonoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Ferrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Rajewsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick W.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"},{"name":"From the *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00a7Center for Blood Research and the \u2016Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u00b6Department of Molecular Immunology and Allergy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; and the **Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 5000 Cologne 41, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072507501724400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/302575a0","article-title":"Somatic generation of antibody diversity","volume":"302","author":"Tonegawa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023072507501724400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(96)80090-6","article-title":"Developmental regulation of V(D)J recombination and lymphocyte differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Willerford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"2023072507501724400_B3","first-page":"221","article-title":"Functions of the DNA dependent 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