{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:24:11Z","timestamp":1791271451436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The c-maf protooncogene is a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-specific transcription factor that activates the interleukin (IL)-4 promoter in vitro. Although it has been postulated that c-maf directs the Th2-specific expression of the IL-4 gene in vivo, direct evidence that c-maf functions during the differentiation of normal, primary T cells is lacking. We now demonstrate that overexpression of c-maf in vivo skews the Th immune response along a Th2 pathway, as evidenced by increased production of Th2 cytokines and the IL-4\u2013dependent immunoglobulins, IgG1 and IgE. The overproduction of IgGl and IgE in the CD4 promoter\/c-maf transgenic mice was IL-4 dependent since this was not observed in c-maf transgenic mice bred onto an IL-4\u2013deficient background. Ectopic expression of c-maf in mature Th1 cells did not confer on them the ability to produce IL-4, but did decrease the production of IFN-\u03b3. The attenuation of Th1 differentiation by c-maf overexpression occurred by a mechanism that was independent of IL-4 and other Th2 cytokines, and could be overcome by IL-12. These studies demonstrate that c-maf promotes Th2 differentiation by IL-4\u2013dependent mechanisms and attenuates Th1 differentiation by Th2 cytokine-independent mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.10.1859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:49:30Z","timestamp":1027702170000},"page":"1859-1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["c-maf Promotes T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) and Attenuates Th1 Differentiation by Both Interleukin 4\u2013dependent and \u2013independent Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"I-Cheng","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and the \u00a7Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"},{"name":"From the *Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and the \u00a7Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and the \u00a7Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie H.","family":"Glimcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and the \u00a7Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"},{"name":"From the *Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; the \u2021Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and the \u00a7Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072507592667400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.1.135","article-title":"B 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