{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:00:05Z","timestamp":1791032405671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied how combination antiviral therapy affects B cell abnormalities associated with HIV-1 infection, namely elevated circulating immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody-secreting cell (ASC) frequencies and hypergammaglobulinemia. Within a few weeks of starting antiviral therapy, there is a marked decline in IgG-ASC frequency in both acutely and chronically infected people, whereas the hypergammaglobulinemia often present during chronic infection is more gradually resolved. These reductions are sustained while HIV-1 replication is suppressed. HIV-1 antigen\u2013specific B cell responses are also affected by therapy, manifested by a rapid decline in circulating gp120-specific ASCs. Anti-gp120 titers slowly decrease in chronically infected individuals and usually fail to mature in acutely infected individuals who were promptly treated with antiretroviral therapy. Long-term nonprogressors have high titer antibody responses to HIV-1 antigens, but no detectable gp120-specific IgG-ASC, and normal (or subnormal) levels of total circulating IgG-ASC. Overall, we conclude that HIV-1 infection drives B cell hyperactivity, and that this polyclonal activation is rapidly responsive to decreases in viral replication caused by combination antiviral therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:49:30Z","timestamp":1027702170000},"page":"233-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["HIV-1 Antigen\u2013specific and \u2013nonspecific B Cell Responses Are Sensitive to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Lynn","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Binley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Clas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bonhoeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Astill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Kost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunzhen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Markowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072508131180200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198308253090803","article-title":"Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"309","author":"Lane","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023072508131180200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115621","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection induces both polyclonal and virus-specific B cell activation","volume":"89","author":"Shirai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2023072508131180200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112595","article-title":"Mechanisms of B cell activation in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related disorders","volume":"78","author":"Yarchoan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2023072508131180200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(88)90053-0","article-title":"Spontaneous in vitro production of virus-specific antibody by lymphocytes from HIV infected subjects","volume":"46","author":"Amadori","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2023072508131180200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.7.2146","article-title":"HIV-1 specific B cell activation. 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