{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:27:08Z","timestamp":1792178828567,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections induce CD8 T cell expansion and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 production for defense, but the innate cytokines shaping these responses have not been identified. Although interleukin (IL)-12 has the potential to contribute, IL-12\u2013dependent T cell IFN-\u03b3 has not been detected during viral infections. Moreover, certain viruses fail to induce IL-12, and elicit high levels of IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 to negatively regulate it. The endogenous factors promoting virus-induced T cell IFN-\u03b3 production were defined in studies evaluating CD8 T cell responses during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections of mice. Two divergent supporting pathways were characterized. Under normal conditions of infections, the CD8 T cell IFN-\u03b3 response was dependent on endogenous IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 effects, but was IL-12 independent. In contrast, in the absence of IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 functions, an IL-12 response was revealed and substituted an alternative pathway to IFN-\u03b3. IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2\u2013mediated effects resulted in enhanced, but the alternative pathway also promoted, resistance to infection. These observations define uniquely important IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2\u2013controlled pathways shaping T cell responses during viral infections, and demonstrate plasticity of immune responses in accessing divergent innate mechanisms to achieve similar ultimate goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.8.1315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:48:33Z","timestamp":1027702113000},"page":"1315-1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Two Roads Diverged: Interferon \u03b1\/\u03b2\u2013 and Interleukin 12\u2013mediated Pathways in Promoting T Cell Interferon \u03b3 Responses during Viral Infection"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Leslie P.","family":"Cousens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the \u2021Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810; and the \u00a7Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the \u2021Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810; and the \u00a7Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the \u2021Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810; and the \u00a7Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Dorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the \u2021Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810; and the \u00a7Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Altman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the \u2021Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810; and the \u00a7Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafi","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the \u2021Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810; and the \u00a7Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Biron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the *Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; the 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