{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T11:22:43Z","timestamp":1793359363593,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Complement is part of the innate immune system and one of the first lines of host defense against infections. Its importance was evaluated in this study in virus infections in mice deficient either in soluble complement factors (C3\u2212\/\u2212, C4\u2212\/\u2212) or in the complement signaling complex (complement receptor [CR]2\u2212\/\u2212, CD19\u2212\/\u2212). The induction of the initial T cell\u2013independent neutralizing immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody response to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), poliomyelitis virus, and recombinant vaccinia virus depended on efficient antigen trapping by CR3 and -4\u2013expressing macrophages of the splenic marginal zone. Neutralizing IgM and IgG antibody responses were largely independent of CR2-mediated stimulation of B cells when mice were infected with live virus. In contrast, immunizations with nonreplicating antigens revealed an important role of B cell stimulation via CR2 in the switch to IgG. The complement cascade was activated after infection with VSV via the classical pathway, and active complement cleavage products augmented the effector function of neutralizing IgM and IgG antibodies to VSV by a factor of 10\u2013100. Absence of the early neutralizing antibody responses, together with the reduced efficiency of neutralizing IgM in C3\u2212\/\u2212 mice, led to a drastically enhanced susceptibility to disease after infection with VSV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.8.1165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:48:33Z","timestamp":1027702113000},"page":"1165-1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Protective T Cell\u2013Independent Antiviral Antibody Responses Are Dependent on Complement"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Adrian F.","family":"Ochsenbein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aInstitute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Pinschewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInstitute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Odermatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInstitute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bDepartment of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Hengartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInstitute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf M.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInstitute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072508555241600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.25.11490","article-title":"Studies of group B streptococcal infection in mice deficient in complement component C3 or C4 demonstrate an essential role for complement in both innate and acquired immunity","volume":"92","author":"Wessels","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. 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