{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T08:01:37Z","timestamp":1792569697533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Host defense against multicellular, extracellular pathogens such as nematode parasites is believed to be mediated largely, if not exclusively, by T lymphocytes. During our investigations into the course of Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi infections in immunodeficient mouse models, we found that mice lacking B lymphocytes were permissive for Brugian infections, whereas immunocompetent mice were uniformly resistant. Mice bearing the Btkxid mutation were as permissive as those lacking all B cells, suggesting that the B1 subset may be responsible for host protection. Reconstitution of immunodeficient recombination activating gene (Rag)-1\u2212\/\u2212 mice with B1 B cells conferred resistance, even in the absence of conventional B2 lymphocytes and most T cells. These results suggest that B1 B cells are necessary to mediate host resistance to Brugian infection. Our data are consistent with a model wherein early resistance to B. malayi is mediated by humoral immune response, with a significant attrition of the incoming infectious larval load. Sterile clearance of the remaining parasite burden appears to require cell-mediated immunity. These data raise the possibility that the identification of molecule(s) recognized by humoral immune mechanisms might help generate prophylactic vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.4.731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:48:33Z","timestamp":1027702113000},"page":"731-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["B1 B Lymphocytes Play a Critical Role in Host Protection against Lymphatic Filarial Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Paciorkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aFrom the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3105"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Porte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aFrom the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3105"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard D.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bThe Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.V.","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aFrom the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3105"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072509050519500_R1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Strategies and tools for the control\/elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"75","author":"Ottesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. 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