{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:21:29Z","timestamp":1793146889511,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic fungal infections with primary and opportunistic pathogens have become increasingly common and represent a growing health menace in patients with AIDS and other immune deficiencies. T lymphocyte immunity, in particular the CD4+ Th 1 cells, is considered the main defense against these pathogens, and their absence is associated with increased susceptibility. It would seem illogical then to propose vaccinating these vulnerable patients against fungal infections. We report here that CD4+ T cells are dispensable for vaccine-induced resistance against experimental fungal pulmonary infections with two agents, Blastomyces dermatitidis an extracellular pathogen, and Histoplasma capsulatum a facultative intracellular pathogen. In the absence of T helper cells, exogenous fungal antigens activated memory CD8+ cells in a major histocompatibility complex class I\u2013restricted manner and CD8+ T cell\u2013derived cytokines tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, interferon \u03b3, and granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor\u2013mediated durable vaccine immunity. CD8+ T cells could also rely on alternate mechanisms for robust vaccine immunity, in the absence of some of these factors. Our results demonstrate an unexpected plasticity of immunity in compromised hosts at both the cellular and molecular level and point to the feasibility of developing vaccines against invasive fungal infections in patients with severe immune deficiencies, including those with few or no CD4+ T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,3]],"date-time":"2003-06-03T21:43:49Z","timestamp":1054676629000},"page":"1405-1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Vaccine Immunity to Pathogenic Fungi Overcomes the Requirement for CD4 Help in Exogenous Antigen Presentation to CD8+ T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Wu\u0308thrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna I.","family":"Filutowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"George S.","family":"Deepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce S.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"},{"name":"3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"},{"name":"4Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"},{"name":"5The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072511492223700_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1085-5629(97)80043-0","volume":"16","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin. 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