{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:07:38Z","timestamp":1792735658750,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccinia virus immunization provides lifelong protection against smallpox, but the mechanisms of this exquisite protection are unknown. We used polychromatic flow cytometry to characterize the functional and phenotypic profile of CD8+ T cells induced by vaccinia virus immunization in a comparative vaccine trial of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) versus Dryvax immunization in which protection was assessed against subsequent Dryvax challenge. Vaccinia virus\u2013specific CD8+ T cells induced by both MVA and Dryvax were highly polyfunctional; they degranulated and produced interferon \u03b3, interleukin 2, macrophage inflammatory protein 1\u03b2, and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 after antigenic stimulation. Responding CD8+ T cells exhibited an unusual phenotype (CD45RO\u2212CD27intermediate). The unique phenotype and high degree of polyfunctionality induced by vaccinia virus also extended to inserted HIV gene products of recombinant NYVAC. This quality of the CD8+ T cell response may be at least partially responsible for the profound efficacy of these vaccines in protection against smallpox and serves as a benchmark against which other vaccines can be evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,30]],"date-time":"2007-05-30T01:34:45Z","timestamp":1180488885000},"page":"1405-1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":413,"title":["Immunization with vaccinia virus induces polyfunctional and phenotypically distinctive CD8+ T cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Melissa L.","family":"Precopio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Immunology Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janie","family":"Parrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Human Immunology Section"},{"name":"7Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Gostick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Ambrozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Immunology Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tedi E.","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Human Immunology Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Douek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Human Immunology Section"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Harari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pantaleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Immunology Core Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barney S.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Roederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Koup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Immunology Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072516093520500_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1261","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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