{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:41:15Z","timestamp":1792676475821,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["rupress.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) infection causes a life-threatening meningoencephalitis that becomes increasingly more prevalent over the age of 50 and is 40\u201350\u00d7 more prevalent in people over the age of 70, compared with adults under the age of 40. In a mouse model of age-related vulnerability to WNV, we demonstrate that death correlates with increased viral titers in the brain and that this loss of virus control with age was the result of defects in the CD4 and CD8 T cell response against WNV. Specific age-related defects in T cell responses against dominant WNV epitopes were detected at the level of cytokine and lytic granule production, each of which are essential for resistance against WNV, and in the ability to generate multifunctional anti-WNV effector T cells, which are believed to be critical for robust antiviral immunity. In contrast, at the peak of the response, old and adult T cells exhibited superimposable peptide sensitivity. Most importantly, although the adult CD4 or CD8 T cells readily protected immunodeficient mice upon adoptive transfer, old T cells of either subset were unable to provide WNV-specific protection. Consistent with a profound qualitative and quantitative defect in T cell immunity, old brains contained at least 12\u00d7 fewer total effector CD8 T cells compared with adult mice at the peak of brain infection. These findings identify potential targets for immunomodulation and treatment to combat lethal WNV infection in the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,9]],"date-time":"2009-11-09T22:06:01Z","timestamp":1257804361000},"page":"2735-2745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Key role of T cell defects in age-related vulnerability to West Nile virus"],"prefix":"10.1084","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"James D.","family":"Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Uhrlaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology 4 and 5"},{"name":"Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724 4 and 5"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology 4 and 5"},{"name":"Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724 4 and 5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clayton A.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janko","family":"Nikolich-\u017dugich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute 1 and 2"},{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006 1 and 2"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology 4 and 5"},{"name":"Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724 4 and 5"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology 4 and 5"},{"name":"Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724 4 and 5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"291","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072917413318100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2331","article-title":"Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut","volume":"286","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2023072917413318100_bib2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Pulmonary immune response of young and aged mice after influenza challenge","volume":"126","author":"Bender","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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